A Multiagent Fuzzy-Logic-Based Energy Management of Hybrid Systems

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 45, NO. 6, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2009

ABBREVIATIONS
HESs EMS MAS FC PV BAT SC SOC EN = Hybrid energy systems = Energy management system = Multiagent-system = Fuel cell = Photovoltaic cells = Batteries = Supercapacitor = State of charge = Energy needs

INTRODUCTION
Renewable energy sources presents a tremendous potential. The controller is unable to adapt the HES configuration changes.

MULTIAGENT SYSTEM THEORY

MAS theory have the main characteristics. Agents have a certain level of autonomy. Agents are capable of acting in their environment. Agents have proactive ability. Agents have social ability. Agents have partial or no representation of the environment.

SYSTEM PRESENTATION

SYSTEM AGENTIFICATION
Agents Environment Blackboard Production Agent Load Agent Battery Fuzzy Agent FC Agent

Agents
Agents are the controllers of the dc/dc converters. They have additional capabilities which make them agents.

Environment
All the elements are linked through the dc bus that consists of a large SC, the dc bus appears as the common environment shared by all the elements constituting the MAS.

Production Agent
The production agent has two goals: To deliver the maximum power from the source. To write information on the blackboard about the amount of energy produced.

Load Agent
The load agent has two goals: To keep a constant voltage to the load. To inform on the current load power using the blackboard.

Battery Fuzzy Agent (1/6)

The behavior of the battery agent: To charge the battery when its SOC is low and dc-bus SOC is high. To discharge the battery when its SOC is high and dc-bus SOC is low. To protect the battery against deep discharge.

Battery Fuzzy Agent (2/6)

Battery Fuzzy Agent (3/6)

Battery Fuzzy Agent (4/6)

Battery Fuzzy Agent (5/6)

The required information is written on the blackboard by the other battery agents. The maximum power of the other batteries (Pmaxi ) The willingness to charge (Wi: willingness of battery i to be charged). The current power production (Pprod) The current load consumption (Pcons) The amount of power it is authorized to take (MaxCharge) without disturbing the rest of the system:

Battery Fuzzy Agent (6/6)

FC Agent (1/2)
The FC agent has to be able to forecast the production and the consumption, its called energy needs (EN). EN gives the difference between the consumption and the production for the next ten hours and is assumed to be the same as 24 h previously.

FC Agent (2/2)
Three cases are considered. The FC is stopped, the DC SOC reaches a very low level and there is a lack of power. The FC is working and there is still a lack of power. The FC is working, the DC SOC reaches a very low level and ENs are positive.

SIMULATION MODEL

CASE STUDIES (1/4)

The production and consumption profiles

CASE STUDIES (2/4)

Case 1: Normal Operation
PV Prod Load Cons

CASE STUDIES (3/4)

Case 2: Adaptation Following a Battery Fault

PV Prod Load Cons

CASE STUDIES (4/4)

Case 3: Adaptation Following an FC Fault

PV Prod Load Cons

CONCLUSION
The proposed EMS is able to adapt its response even for changing configurations. When the system is changed, each agent adapts its behavior, and the system continues to work without perturbation, and the load is always supplied with high efficiency.

REFERENCES
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