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These changes require the following: 1) Monitoring system wide information and commands via data communication system 2) To send selected local information to control center, customer, market participants. 3) Monitor critical real time information for taking security related operation .
4) Reliable and fast communications among IEDs ( Intelligent Electronic Devices viz Relays, Meters, Fault recorders, RTUs etc.) for exchanging information and change in settings as part of wide area protection system . 5) Dissemination of billing and other related calculations from Generation to Distribution for to various agencies including information for DMS & EMS. 7) To perform effective co-ordination through communications , Communication Protocols used are expected to be high speed ,reliable , fault tolerant and intelligent enabled.
8) The Protocols are to be accomplished for both local ( LAN) and wide area communications (WAN).
9) The protocols should be thin, flexible and have provisions for accommodating future requirements.
10) Safe , secured and reliable transmission of information. 11) Protecting information network from Hacking & misuse.
12. Information about the power system gives the utility the strength to be more successful and competitive in a free market . 13.In this environment information becomes a strategic requirement when fast decisions are required.
Event Printer
HMI
Multifunction Meter
Argus Delta
Duobias-M
Ohmega
SEL-311C
M-3425
What is Protocol ?
When Intelligent Devices communicate with each other, there needs to be a common set of rules and instructions that each device follows. A specific set of communication rules is called a protocol.
Computer
to Computer data communication standards have been developed over past few decades.
Well known model for this purpose is the 7 Layer OSI ( Open System Interconnection) reference model.
This model provides encapsulation of the relevant data with in a packet. This model provide isolation of application program from system and media. But adds significant overhead in processing power and bandwidth utilisation.
Network layer: Route determination takes place in this layer. Translation of IP address to physical address ( NIC) also takes place here.
Data link layer : Responsible for data movement across the actual physical link.
Physical Layer: It defines the physical aspect of how the cabling is hooked.
7 LAYER System X
Application 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
System Y 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Presentation
Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
3 2
2
1
2
1
2
1
Physical Media
Physical Media
Physical Media
higher.
It is not suitable for SCADA application. Most of the Protocols follows various flavours of this model.
* Protocol, used by the vendor, the utility is restricted to one supplier for support and purchase of future devices. This presents a serious problem. Examples of Proprietary Protocols are SPA, K-Bus, VDEW etc.
* With the arrival of open systems concept , it is desired that devices from one vendor be able to communicate with those of other vendors i.e. devices should inter-operate . To achieve interoperability one has to use industry standard open protocols. Ex: IEC60870 -5-103,101,104, IEC61850,DNP,Modbus etc
Interoperability Vs Interchangeability
* Interoperability is the ability of two or more IEDs from same vendor or different vendors to exchange information and uses that information for correct co-operation.
* Interchangeability is the ability to replace the device the supplied by one manufacturer with a device without making change to the other elements in the system.
PROTOCOL STRUCTURE
7-Layer
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Data Link Physical
3-Layer
Application
OSI
EPA
Network Technology mainly based on OSI (Open System Interconnect) which is a 7 Layer model representing networking node by dividing tasks into layers that perform specific Functions.
Logical Connection
IEC, DNP, UCA (and even MODBUS) standards are successfully able to adopt TCP/IP based Ethernet based technology for substation automation.
IEC 61850 (UCA2) DNP3/TCP IEC 104 Application Presentation Session TCP/UDP IP IEEE 802.1 IEEE 802.3
}TCP/IP }Ethernet
Physical
Master
[P]
Slave
Response Message
(User Data, Confirm Expected)
[P] [S]
(Acknowledgment) [P] = Primary Frame [S] = Secondary Frame
Designated master polls rest of slaves on network (two wire RS485 and disable data link confirms in slaves)
Physical layer (CSMA/CD)
Request Message
Master
[P]
Slave
[S]
[S]
Collision avoidance is not necessary since slave device cannot initiate exchange, or retry failed messages
If the slave device responds with NACK: requested data not available the master will try again until it gets data, or a response time-out occurs
1) Modbus / Profibus
2) DNP ( Distributed Network Protocol )
MODBUS
Developed in the process-control industries by MODICON , USA during 1976
- Slave node will not typically transmit data with out a request from the master.
It was originally designed as a simple way to transfer data between controls and sensors via RS-232 interfaces. Modbus now supports other communication media, including TCP/IP. Modbus is now an open standard, administered by the Modbus-IDA (www.modbus-ida.com).
Modbus and DNP are both byte-oriented protocols. Modbus is an application layer protocol, while DNP contains Application and Data Link Layers, with a pseudo-transport layer. Both protocols are widely used over a variety of physical layers, including RS-232, RS-422, RS-485, and TCP/IP. Modbus has a separate specification for use over TCP/IP (Modbus-TCP). With DNP, the protocol is simply encapsulated within TCP/IP.
-In 1993 the responsibility for defining further DNP specification was given to DNP user Group. - DNP is based on the earlier work of IEC TC 57 - It is based on Enhanced Performance architecture ( EPA) model - There are 4 core documents to define DNP 3
Emergence of Standard
DNP 3.0
Based on earlier work of IEC TC57 Developed by GE Harris
DNP 3.0 is an open protocol that was developed to establish interoperability between RTUs, IEDs (Intelligent Electronic Devices) and master stations. DNP was largely influenced by North and South America, together with the African and Asian regions as IEC 101 was from the European community.
This structure is similar to IEC. However, DNP3 enhances EPA by adding a fourth layer, a pseudo transport layer that allows for message segmentation.
DNP introduces a pseudo-transport layer(OSI Layer 4) to build application data messages larger than a single data link frame. In case of IEC, each 101 message should be contained in a single data link frame.
DNP3 is an open, intelligent, robust, and efficient modern SCADA protocol. It can request and respond with multiple data types in single messages, segment messages into multiple frames to ensure excellent error detection and recovery, include only changed data in response messages, assign priorities to data items and request data items periodically based on their priority, respond without request (unsolicited), support time synchronization and a standard time format, allow multiple masters and peer-to-peer operations, and allow user definable objects including file transfer. In 1994, the IEEE Power Engineering Societys Data Acquisition, Monitoring and Control Subcommittee formed a Task Force to review the communication protocols being used between Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) and Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) in substations.
The IEEE Task Force found a very confusing, constantly changing environment that was increasing the cost and time to completion of substation SCADA systems. The IEEE Task Force collected information on approximately 140 protocols and compared them to a list of communication protocol requirements. This comparison resulted in a short list of protocols that met most of the requirements. This short list was balloted and two serial SCADA protocols tied for being the most acceptable: IEC 60870-5-101 and DNP3.
Data Link
Physical
(Layer 2)
(Layer 1)
Why 3-Layered Structure of EPA 1) Short Reaction Time 2) Reduced Transmission Bandwidth
Without Loss
Intended for Use in SCADA Systems Using directly Connected Serial Links
IEC 60870-5-101
It deals the functionality for the interoperability of telecontrol equipment of different manufactures for the communication between substations and between substation and control centres . IEC 60870-5-102 - This standard deals with values of integrated totals which are transmitted at periodic intervals to update the energy interchanges between utilities or between heavy industry and utilities.
IEC 60870-5-103 - This deals with informative interface of protection equipment . IEC 60870-5-104 - This present a combination of the application layer of IEC 60870-5-101 and the transport functions provided by a TCP/IP.
IEC 61850
This standard unifies UCA with European standard. It aims to design a communication system that provides interoperability between the functions to be performed in a substation.
IEC 61107 :
This specifies hardware and protocol specifications for local systems in which a hand held unit is connected to only one tariff device at a time. This specifies hardware and protocol specifications for local systems in which a hand held unit is connected to only one tariff device at a time.
1) IEC 61107 is essentially a protocol providing a means to access (read and write) memory locations, without telling anything about how those memory locations should be filled with information. 2) IEC 61107 does neither say anything about the format and the interpretation of the data.
3) IEC 61107, developed for the purposes of local data exchange, does not follow the OSI model of layered protocols and does not have the functions provided by these layers. Therefore, although it is widely used over telephone networks, it is only possible with some compromises.
4) IEC 61107 lacks advanced security functions.
5) Consequently, for each new meter type, even from the same manufacturer, a new device driver is required. Such drivers carry information about where and how to find the information and how to interpret it. The development of device drivers has proven to be a lengthy and costly exercise.
Serial Protocols
* * * * IEC 60870-5-103 (Protection) IEC 60870-5-101 (Tele Control) DNP 3.0 (Protection, Monitoring & Metering) Modbus RTU (Metering)
LAN Protocols
*
* *
IEC 60870-5-104
DNP 3.0 over TCP/IP MODBUS over Ethernet ( For Industries)
IEC 61850
Station Level
* Serial * Ethernet
DNP 3.0
* * Supports Balanced Transmission Services Supports - Time Synchronization - Time-stamped events - Freeze/Clear Counters - Select before operate - Unsolicited Responses
IEC 60870-5-104
This protocol standard is developed to Provide Network access for IEC 870-5-101 Application Layer remains same. Does not use the Link Layer functions of IEC 870-5-101. Some APCI (Application Protocol Control Information) Added to 101 ASDU To suitable for network transportation
IEC 870-5-103
Intended to integrate
* * * * Protection System Control System Substation Field Devices Interface to Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition(SCADA) of Control Center * One of the most important features of IEC 61850 is that it covers not only communication, but also qualitative properties of engineering tools, measures for quality management, and configuration management & Conformance testing.
IEC-60870-5-103 protocol
* Communication Settings supported (Baudrate, Parity, IED address range config.). *Function Types supported (both Standard, Private). *COT Supported. *ASDU Type supported for each type of Tag or Parameter or information. *Information number (Standard, Private) for each parameter or tag & description for the same. *Any private ASDU ( ASDU 254,255 )implementation? If so then details. * Interoperability Table if any
DNP3.0 Protocol * Details of Communication Interface supported. * DNP Levels Supported. * Data Scaling Range if any? *Data Retrieval Method supported (unsolicited/polled static/exception). *Object Type & variations supported. *Data Map (Index number ) of each parameter.
*Details of Communication Interface supported. *Relay Address range supported. *Function Types supported. *Address range for each parameter. *Data Type(16 bit(integer),32 bitz(long int), etc) *Multiplication factors if any. *Parameters type (Read only/read/write).
Ethernet LAN
ER 1000
400 & 220 kV Bay Control Units
Protective Relays
Tariff Meter
MV Architecture
Remote HMI Local HMI
Station Controller
Modbus
Multifunction Meters
ER 1000
DNP 3.0 / IEC 101 / IEC 104 / Modbus serial or Ethernet [ Slave components]
Modbus Master
Virtual RTU
Data Concentrator Automation Unit
Wired I/Os
Open H/W architecture and OS IEC 61131-3 compliant PLC programming Highly modular and hence easily expandable
What is Simple Substation Control And Monitoring System????... * Present the state and operational Details of the field equipment in a user friendly manner through a powerful GUI
Control and monitor the field equipment, protection IEDs locally or remotely Inbuilt -Energy Management System with communicable Multifunction Meters.
Online Sequence of Time Tagged Events (Source / System Time Stamp) printing and Event File Storing.
ER 05
ER 10
Multifunction Meters
RTU
ER Relays
ER Relays
Modbus/RS485
Electric utilities were among the first entities to embrace data telemetery.
Data telemetry was introduced for monitoring , Control and Protection. Development in communication, Computer, introduction of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED) made information collection easier.
Different manufacturers introduced different rules for communicating and exchanging information among their intelligent devices. This introduced barriers in communicating with other device manufactured by others.
IEC 62056 - Series Data Exchange for Meter Reading- Tariff and Load control
1) 62056 covers all metering functions required on the liberalised market. The functions are modelled using metering domain specific interface objects. This allows developing meters meeting exactly customer needs, using standard building blocks. It also allows innovation and competition by enhancing functionality in a standard way as required while maintaining interoperability. 2) It ensures unique identification of all metering equipment world-wide and unambiguous identification of all data elements.
metering data.
4) It allows controlled and selective access by various parties to application relevant data. 5) It provides various levels of security mechanisms to control access to data depending on
7) It brings interoperability, and therefore lowers costs, as it is based on a standard data model and internationally approved standard protocols. 8) It allows developing a genuine driver, as the meter describes the functions available and sends all information necessary to interpret data. This allows meter manufacturers and data collection system providers to concentrate on the applications relevant for their customers rather than on connectivity and interfaces;
9) It comes complete with a conformance testing scheme to guarantee interoperability.
IEC 60870-6, TASE.2 This deals with mechanism for exchanging time-critical data between control centres. In addition, it provides support for device control, general messaging and control of programs at a remote control centre.
IEC 61970
This deals with CIM facilities for the integration of EMS applications developed independently by different vendors, between entire EMS systems developed independently, or between an EMS system
IEC 62210
This deals with safety, security and reliability of systems in Electrical Utilities. The deregulated market has imposed new threats and safe operation is essential in a deregulated environment.
IEC 61400-25
This provides a standard for interconnection of monitoring and control systems for wind power plants
IEC 62195 TR
This report deals with Electronic communication in deregulated markets and makes a clear distinction between communications for control of energy systems and communications for the market
Network Operation
Corporate LAN
Distribution Automation
WG 14
RTU Communications
Protection
61850
60870-5 -101
Metering
61850
S C A D A
61970
EMS Application
Physical Device
61850
61968
DMS Subsystem
Substation
Control Centre
Introduction UCA
Concept of 61850
The goal of this standard IEC 61850 Communication networks and systems in substations is to provide interoperability between the IEDs from different suppliers or, more precisely, between functions to be performed in a substation but residing in equipment (physical devices) from different suppliers. Interchangeability is outside the scope of this standard, but the objective of interchangeability will be supported following this standard. Interoperability has the following levels for devices from different suppliers: (1) The devices shall be connectable to a common bus with a common protocol (syntax) (2) The devices shall understand the information provided by other devices (semantics) (3) The devices shall perform together a common or joint function if applicable (distributed functions) Since there are no constraints regarding system structure and data exchange, some static and dynamic requirements shall be fulfilled to provide interoperability.
System configuration
IEC 61850
IEC 61850 is a global standard for Communication Networks and Systems in Substations It specifies an expandable data model and services It does not block future development of functions It specifies no protection or control functions It supports free allocation of functions to devices It is open for different system philosophies It provides the Substation Configuration description Language (SCL) It supports comprehensive consistent system definition and engineering It uses Ethernet and TCP/IP for communication Provides the broad range of features of mainstream communication It is open for future new communication concepts
GOOSE ??
GOOSE message
Ethernet
Normal message
peer-to-peer links, replacing conventional wires with no extra hardware but and also permitting the design of innovative automation schemes, client-server relations offering flexible solutions easy to upgrade compared to master slave communications, object oriented pre-defined names, creating a single vocabulary between users, suppliers and suppliers devices therefore facilitating the system integration and commissioning, XML interfaces referencing the above objects for straightforward exchanges between engineering tools in order to optimise the data consistency and minimise project lead times. communication conformance tests that help reducing the variety of interpretation found in many legacy protocols and leading to long integration tests and tuning.
400 KV Switchyard with 5 bays (Two Main) 220 KV Switchyard with 7 bays (Two Main) Separate SA systems for 400 and 200 kV Levels. FAT completed in Dec. 2005
PGCIL Bhatapara: 400 KV Switchyard with 6 Diameters (1 Breaker) 220 KV Switchyard with 12 bays (Two Main +Transfer) Common SA system for 400 and 220 kV Levels FAT completed in Dec. 2005 PGCIL Raigarh: 400 KV Switchyard with 8 Diameters (1 Breaker) 220 KV Switchyard with 9 Bays (Two Main +Transfer) Common SA system for 400 and 220 kV Levels FAT completed in Jan. 2006
DMP
Gateway
Ethernet Switch
Ethernet Switch
Ethernet Switch
Ethernet Switch
Ethernet Switch
REC 670
REC 670
REL 670 7SA522 Main II RET 670 Main II REB 500 Main I
REL 670 BBP Bay Units Main I, Main II BBP Bay Units Main I, Main II BBP Bay Units Main I, Main II
Line x 2
Autotransformer x 2
Bus Coupl. x 1
Auxiliaries
Busbar
DMP
Gateway
Ethernet Switch
Ethernet Switch
Ethernet Switch
Ethernet Switch
Ethernet Switch
REC 670
REC 670
7SA522 Main II
REB 500
Line x 4
Busbar