Intermolecular Forces

Questions
Why do some solids dissolve in water but others do not? Why are some substances gases at room temperature, but others are liquid or solid? What gives metals the ability to conduct electricity, what makes non-metals brittle? The answers have to do with

Intermolecular forces

Intermolecular Forces(IMFs)
Intermolecular forces are attractive forces between molecules. Intramolecular forces hold atoms together in a molecule Intermolecular vs Intramolecular

41 kJ to vaporize 1 mole of water (inter)

930 kJ to break all O-H bonds in 1 mole of water (intra) Generally, intermolecular forces are much weaker than intramolecular forces.

Intramolecular force Intermolecular force Ionic Ion-dipole covalent (network solids) dipole - dipole metallic H-bonding London dispersion forces

Properties of Liquids
Surface tension is the amount of energy required to stretch or increase the surface of a liquid by a unit area.

Strong intermolecular forces

High surface tension

Capillary Action: Spontaneous rising of a liquid in a narrow tube.

Properties of Liquids
Cohesion is the intermolecular attraction between like molecules Adhesion is an attraction between unlike molecules Adhesion

attracted to glass

Cohesion

attracted to each other

Properties of Water
Surface Tension is the amount of energy required to stretch or increase the surface of a liquid by a unit area. The stronger the IMFs the molecules have with each other, the higher is its surface tension. This is because of the cohesive forces inside the liquid (Polar-Polar forces) become much greater than the adhesive forces between the liquid (polar) and the air (non-polar) molecules outside.

Properties of Liquids
Viscosity is a measure of a fluids resistance to flow.

Strong intermolecular forces

High viscosity

Bond Polarity
Nonpolar Cl2

(Electronegativity
difference is zero)

Polar HCl
(Electronegativity difference

is not zero)

Ionic NaCl

Types of Intermolecular Forces

1. Ion-Dipole Forces Attractive forces between an ion and a polar molecule Ion-Dipole Interaction

Types of Intermolecular Forces

2. Dipole-Dipole Forces Attractive forces between polar molecules Orientation of Polar Molecules in a Solid

Types of Intermolecular Forces

3. Hydrogen Bond (strongest) The hydrogen bond is a special dipole-dipole interaction between the hydrogen atom in a polar N-H, O-H, or F-H bond and an electronegative O, N, or F atom. IT IS NOT A BOND.

HB

or

HA

A & B are N, O, or F

Hydrogen Bond

Why is the hydrogen bond considered a special dipole-dipole interaction?

Decreasing molar mass Decreasing boiling point

Types of Intermolecular Forces

4. Dispersion Forces van der Walls forces/London forces (weakest) Attractive forces that arise as a result of temporary dipoles induced in atoms or molecules Non-polar molecules do not have dipoles like polar molecules.So London dispersion force exists in non polar molecule. ion-induced dipole interaction

dipole-induced dipole interaction Dispersion forces usually increase with molar mass.

Intermolecular Forces
4. Dispersion Forces Continued Polarizability is the ease with which the electron distribution in the atom or molecule can be distorted. Polarizability increases with: greater number of electrons

more diffuse electron cloud

Dispersion forces usually increase with molar mass.

What type(s) of intermolecular forces exist between each of the following molecules?

HBr
HBr is a polar molecule: dipole-dipole forces. There are also dispersion forces between HBr molecules.

CH4
CH4 is nonpolar: dispersion forces. S

SO2
SO2 is a polar molecule: dipole-dipole forces. There are also dispersion forces between SO2 molecules.

Types of IMF
The hydrogen bonds in water explain its relatively high boiling point, considering that it is a small molecule. The Hbonds hold the water molecules together as a liquid, so you have to heat it a lot before it will change to a gas. Compare boiling points of these molecules:
Molecule CH4 HCl IMF (s) present London Disp. London Disp. Dipole-Dipole London Disp./DipoleDipole/Hydrogen Bonding Molar Mass (g/mol) 16.05 36.46 Boiling Point (oC) - 164 - 85

H2O

18.02

100

Water, H20

Which is related to

And Glycerine (Glycerol)

Compare the three structures

Which of these molecules has the greatest polarity? Which will exhibit the strongest intermolecular forces?

Ethanol. Polar or Non-Polar?

Methanol. Polar or Non-Polar?

Methane. Polar or Non-Polar?

Chloro-Methane. Polar or NonPolar?

Sulfur Hexafluoride. Polar or NonPolar?

Nitrogen Trihidride, aka Ammonia. Polar or Non-Polar?