Description of the mandibular second premolars: a. Chronology. b. Geometric outline of the crown in different aspects .

c. Outlines & Surface anatomy of the crown in different aspects.

d. Comparison between the 2 types of the second mandibular premolars in different surfaces. e. Comparison between the first & second mandibular premolars

Chronology
First evidence of calcification

21/4-21/2Y
Enamel completed 6-7 Y Eruption 11-12 Y

Root completed
13-14 Y

There are 2 types differ mainly from the occusal & lingual aspects while the other surfaces are nearly similar

Mandibular second premolar: Two Cusp Type

It has 5 aspects:

Buccal

Lingual

Mesial

Distal

occlusal

Mandibular Second Premolar: Three Cusp Type

Buccal

Lingual

Mesial

Distal

occlusal

Occurs most often

Geometric outline of the crown

Facial and lingual aspects have trapezoid out line.

The smallest uneven side cervically.

Buccal Outlines and Surface anatomy

The mesial outline, The distal outline and Mesial & Distal C. A. are at the same like lower 4 except that The buccal cusp in 3cusp form is broader and less pointed Surface Anatomy: like that of lower 4 with less developed B ridge The root has a blunt root apex

Lingual Aspect
Three cusp type
Two Ling cusp M Ling D Ling

There are 2 types

Two cusp type

One Ling cusp

No ling. convergence. *ML cusp is longer and larger than DL cusp. *They both shorter than B cusp and less pointed. *There is Ling developmental groove between the 2 cusps

L cusp is smaller & shorter by about 1 mm than B cusp but larger than of Lower 4 No dg

Geometric outline of the crown

Proximal outlines
Three cusp type Two cusp type

Rhomboid in shape with narrow occlusal table. Lingual inclination less prominent than that of the lower 4
In all lower posterior teeth

Buccal Outlines and Surface anatomy

DD

Maximum convexity at C1/3 bucally & M 1/3 Lingually L cusp or cusps are shorter and smaller than B cusp

The buccal cusp is shorter than in lower 4 and more buccal to the center of the root. While Ling cusp larger than of lower4
The mesial and distal marginal ridges are straight

Geometric outline of the occlusal aspect

Three cusp type: Outline is square

Two cusp type: Outline is oval

No Lingual convergence .

Slight lingual convergence

Surface anatomy of occlusal aspect

5

Elevations

B triangular ridge.

One or 2 L triangular ridge.

M & D marginal ridges

Depressions 5

From a central pit

Central developmental groove in a form of

*M dg ends at M traingular fossa H or U shape. *D dg ends at D traingular fossa *Ling dg between the 2 Ling cusps They form Y shape M and D triangular fossae. M and D triangular fossae.

Three cusp type:

B the largest, ML & DL smallest
1

Elevations:
B triangular ridge. L triangular ridges (ML &DL). M & D marginal ridges
3 2

Depressions:
Central developmental groove Y shape made of M,D &L dgs
Central pit M and D triangular fossae.

Comparison
Mandibular First Premolar
Geometric outline

Mandibular Second Premolar

Two cusp type

M D
The geometric outline is oval

Diamond-shaped. Lingual convergence is sharp. Surface Anatomy

Elevations &depressions + ML dg

Slight lingual convergence

U- shaped

H - shaped

Three cusp type

square

Elevations & depressions M D

Self-Evaluation Review
1. Compare between the 1st & 2nd lower
premolars ( 2 cusp type)

2. Compare between the two types from the

occlusal aspect

 Wheelers Dental Anatomy, Physiology and

Occlusion, 8th Ed .ASH and NELSON,W.B.

Saunders Company, 2003.

Dental Anatomy: Its Relevance to Dentistry,

Julian BW, Rickne CS.5thEd,Williams&

Wilkins, Baltimore, 1997.