Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By SUPRIYA SEHGAL
Compare the actual performance with the standards to arrive at the variance
Analyze the variances and ascertaining the causes of variance
Planning
Use the current standards to estimate future sales volume and future costs
Controlling
Evaluating performance by determining how efficiently the current operations are being carried out
Motivation
Notify the staff of the managements expectations
VARIANCE
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VARIANCE ANALYSIS
A variance is the difference between the standards and the actual performance When the actual results are better than the expected results, there will be a favourable variance (F) If the actual results are worse than the expected results, there will be an adverse variance (A)
Profit variance
Selling and administrative Cost variance
VO Expenditure variance
VO Efficiency variance
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COST VARIANCE
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COST VARIANCE
Cost variance = Price variance + Quantity variance Cost variance is the difference between the standard cost and the Actual cost Price variance = (standard price actual price)*Actual quantity A price variance reflects the extent of the profit change resulting from the change in activity level Quantity variance = (standard quantity actual quantity)* standard cost A quantity variance reflects the extent of the profit change resulting from the change in activity level 12
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= (Standard quantity actual quantity)* standard price = (Standard quantity for actual production actual quantity production) * standard price
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EXAMPLE
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ABC Ltd. makes and sells a single product. The company uses a Standard marginal costing system. It plans to produce and sell 1000 units in May 2005. A budget statement is produced as follow: Budgeted income statement for the month ended 31 May 2005 $ $ Sales ($50*1000) 50000 Less: Variable cost of goods sold Direct materials ($3*4000) 12000 Direct labour ($5*3000) 15000 Variable overheads ($2*3000) 6000 33000 Budget contribution 17000 Fixed overhead 3000 Budget profit 14000
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The actual sales and production is 800 units. The actual income statement is shown as follows:
Income statement for the month ended 31 May 2005 $ Sales ($60*800) Less: Variable cost of goods sold Direct materials ($3.2*2400) Direct labour ($6*3200) Actual Variable overheads Contribution Fixed overhead Net profit $ 48000
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OVERHEADS VARIANCE
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OVERHEADS VARIANCE
Variable overheads variance Fixed overheads variance
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Actual VO
VO efficiency variance
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Overhead absorbed = POAR * Standard hours for actual number of units produced
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EXAMPLE
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ABC Ltd. makes and sells a single product. The company uses a Standard marginal costing system. It plans to produce and sell 1000 units in May 2005. A budget statement is produced as follow: Budgeted income statement for the month ended 31 May 2005 $ $ Sales ($50*1000) 50000 Less: Variable cost of goods sold Direct materials ($3*4000) 12000 Direct labour ($5*3000) 15000 Variable overheads ($2*3000) 6000 33000 Budget contribution 17000 Fixed overhead 3000 Budget profit 14000
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The actual sales and production is 800 units. The actual income statement is shown as follows:
Income statement for the month ended 31 May 2005 $ Sales ($60*800) Less: Variable cost of goods sold Direct materials ($3.2*2400) Direct labour ($6*3200) Actual Variable overheads Contribution Fixed overhead Net profit $ 48000
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Budgeted overheads POAR = Budgeted activity level in standard hours = $6000 3000 = $2 Overhead absorbed = POAR * Standard hours for actual number of units produced = $2 *3 hr per unit * 800 units Standard hr per unit = 3000 hr /1000 units
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Variable overheads efficiency variance = Standard variable overheads for standard hours of output Actual variable overhead absorbed = (standard hours for actual output Actual hours worked)* standard price = (3 hr *800 units 4 hr *800 units)*$2 = $1600 (A)
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SALES VARIANCE
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Actual contribution
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EXAMPLE
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ABC Ltd. makes and sells a single product. The company uses a Standard marginal costing system. It plans to produce and sell 1000 units in May 2005. A budget statement is produced as follow: Budgeted income statement for the month ended 31 May 2005 $ $ Sales ($50*1000) 50000 Less: Variable cost of goods sold Direct materials ($3*4000) 12000 Direct labour ($5*3000) 15000 Variable overheads ($2*3000) 6000 33000 Budget contribution 17000 Fixed overhead 3000 Budget profit 14000
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The actual sales and production is 800 units. The actual income statement is shown as follows:
Income statement for the month ended 31 May 2005 $ Sales ($60*800) Less: Variable cost of goods sold Direct materials ($3.2*2400) Direct labour ($6*3200) Actual Variable overheads Contribution Fixed overhead Net profit $ 48000
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$33000/1000 units
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SALES VARIANCE
Sales margin price variance
= (Actual contribution per unit Standard contribution per unit) * Actual sales volume = [($60 - $33) ($50 - $33)]*800 = $8000 F
Sales margin volume variance
= (Actual volume Budget volume)* Standard contribution per unit = (800 -1000)*$17 = $2800 (A)
$33000/1000 units
$17000/1000 units
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= [($60-$36) ($50-$36)]*800
= $8000 F
(33000+3000)/1000 units
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Actual FO
Budgeted FO
FO volume variance
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EXAMPLE
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ABC Ltd. makes and sells a single product. The company uses a Standard marginal costing system. It plans to produce and sell 1000 units in May 2005. A budget statement is produced as follow: Budgeted income statement for the month ended 31 May 2005 $ $ Sales ($50*1000) 50000 Less: Variable cost of goods sold Direct materials ($3*4000) 12000 Direct labour ($5*3000) 15000 Variable overheads ($2*3000) 6000 33000 Budget contribution 17000 Fixed overhead 3000 Budget profit 14000
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The actual sales and production is 800 units. The actual income statement is shown as follows:
Income statement for the month ended 31 May 2005 $ Sales ($60*800) Less: Variable cost of goods sold Direct materials ($3.2*2400) Direct labour ($6*3200) Actual Variable overheads Contribution Fixed overhead Net profit $ 48000
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In absorption costing
Fixed overheads are charged to the products and included in the valuation of closing stock. Total fixed overheads variance is divided into fixed overheads price variance and fixed overheads volume variance
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