Advanced computer Architecture CSE-101 Lecture-1

Architecture & Organization

Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer
Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques. e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?

Organization is how features are implemented

Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?

Architecture & Organization

All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture This gives code compatibility
At least backwards

Organization differs between different versions

 Computer Architecture = ISA + MO

Instruction Set Architecture
What the executable can see as underlying hardware Logical View

Machine Organization
How the hardware implements ISA ? Physical View

What is Computer Architecture ?

Applications Operating System Compiler Firmware

Instruction set architecture Machine organization

Instr. Set Proc. I/O system

Datapath & Control Digital Design Circuit Design

Layout

Many levels of abstraction

Components of Computer system

peripherals

CPU

I/O

computer

System interconnection
Memory

network

ALU

Registers

CPU

Internal CPU interconnection Cache Memory Control Unit

Generations of Computer
Vacuum tube - 1946-1957

Transistor - 1958-1964
Small scale integration - 1965 on Up to 100 devices on a chi chip Medium scale integration - to 1971 100-3,000 devices on a chip Large scale integration - 1971-1977 3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip Very large scale integration - 1978 -1991 100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip Ultra large scale integration 1991 Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip

Technology Trends
Processor logic capacity: about 30% per year clock rate: about 20% per year Memory DRAM capacity: about 60% per year (4x every 3 years) Memory speed: about 10% per year Cost per bit: improves about 25% per year Disk capacity: about 60% per year Total use of data: 100% per 9 months! Network Bandwidth Bandwidth increasing more than 100% per year!

DRAM chip capacity

DRAM Year Size 1980 64 Kb 1983 256 Kb 1986 1 Mb 1989 4 Mb 1992 16 Mb 1996 64 Mb 1999 256 Mb 2002 1 Gb

Microprocessor Logic Density

100000000

10000000 R10000 Pentium R4400 1000000 i80486

Transistors

i80386 100000 i80286 R3010

i8086 10000

SU MIPS

i80x86 M68K MIPS Alpha

i4004 1000 1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

Technology Trends

Moores law: number of transistors doubles every 24 months

Trends of this decade (early 2000s)

Technology
Very large dynamic RAM: 256 Mbits to 1Gb and beyond Large fast static RAM: 16 MB, 5ns

Complete systems on a chip

100+ million transistors (approaching 1 billion)

Parallelism
Superscalar, Superpipelined, Vector, Multiprocessors? Processor Arrays? Multicore/manycore!

Special-Purpose Architectures
GPUs, mp3 players, nanocomputers

Reconfigurable Computers?
Wearable computers

13

Trends of this decade (early 2000s)

Low Power
50% of PCs portable now (?) Hand held communicators Performance per watt, battery life Transmeta Asynchronous (clockless) design

Communication (I/O)
Many applications I/O limited, not computation Computation scaling, but memory, I/O bandwidth not keeping pace

Multimedia
New interface technologies Video, speech, handwriting, virtual reality,
14

Computer Architecture is Design and Analysis

De sign

Architecture is an iterative process: Searching the space of possible designs At all levels of computer systems

Analysis

Creativity Cost / Performance Analysis

Bad Ideas

Mediocre Ideas

Good Ideas

Performance Metrics
Response Time
Delay between start end end time of a task

Throughput
Numbers of tasks per given time