PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 1

Chapter - 12
Temperature
and
Heat
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 2
Temperature and Heat
12.1 Common Temperature Scales
12.2 The Kelvin Temperature Scales
12.3 Thermometers
12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
12.5 Volume Thermal Expansion
12.6 Heat and Internal Energy
12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat
Capacity
12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat
12.9 Equilibrium between Phases of Matter
12.10 Humidity
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Force
A
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12.1 Common Temperature Scales
Temperatures are reported in degrees
Celsius or degrees Fahrenheit.
Temperatures changed, on the
other hand, are reported in Celsius
degrees or Fahrenheit degrees:

F
5
9
C 1 =
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 5
12.1 Common Temperature Scales
Example 1 Converting from a Fahrenheit to a Celsius Temperature

A healthy person has an oral temperature of 98.6
o
F. What would this
reading be on the Celsius scale?

F 6 . 66 F 32 F 98.6 =
degrees above ice point
( )

C 0 . 37
F
C 1
F 6 . 66
5
9
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
C 0 . 37 C 0 . 37 C 0

= +
ice point
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 6
12.1 Common Temperature Scales
Example 2 Converting from a Celsius to a Fahrenheit Temperature

A time and temperature sign on a bank indicates that the outdoor
temperature is -20.0
o
C. Find the corresponding temperature on
the Fahrenheit scale.
( )

F 0 . 36
C 1
F
C 0 . 20
5
9
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
degrees below ice point
F 0 . 4 F 0 . 36 F 0 . 32

=
ice point
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12.2 The Kelvin Temperature Scale
15 . 273 + =
c
T T
Kelvin temperature
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 8
12.2 The Kelvin Temperature Scale
A constant-volume gas
thermometer.
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12.2 The Kelvin Temperature Scale
absolute zero point =-273.15
o
C
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12.3 Thermometers
Thermometers make use of the change in some physical property with temperature.
A property that changes with temperature is called a thermometric property.
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12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
NORMAL SOLIDS
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12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
o
L L A
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12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION OF A SOLID

The length of an object changes when its temperature changes:
T L L
o
A = A o
coefficient of
linear expansion
Common Unit for the Coefficient of Linear Expansion: ( )
1
C
C
1
=

PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 14

12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 15
12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
Example 3 The Buckling of a Sidewalk

A concrete sidewalk is constructed between
two buildings on a day when the temperature
is 25
o
C. As the temperature rises to 38
o
C,
the slabs expand, but no space is provided for
thermal expansion. Determine the distance y
in part (b) of the drawing.
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 16
12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
( ) | |( )( ) m 00047 . 0 C 13 m 0 . 3 C 10 12
1
6
= =
A = A

T L L
o
o
( ) ( ) m 053 . 0 m 00000 . 3 m 00047 . 3
2 2
= = y
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 17
12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
Example 4 The Stress on a Steel Beam

The beam is mounted between two
concrete supports when the temperature
is 23
o
C. What compressional stress
must the concrete supports apply to
each end of the beam, if they are
to keep the beam from expanding
when the temperature rises to 42
o
C?
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 18
12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
( ) ( ) | |( )
2 7
1
6 2 11
m N 10 7 . 4 C 19 C 10 12 m N 10 0 . 2
Stress
= =
A =
A
= =

T Y
L
L
Y
A
F
o
o
T L L
o
A = A o
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12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
THE BIMETALLIC STRIP
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12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 21
12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
THE EXPANSION OF HOLES
Conceptual Example 5 The Expansion of Holes

The figure shows eight square tiles that are arranged to form a square pattern
with a hold in the center. If the tiled are heated, what happens to the size of the
hole?
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 22
12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
A hole in a piece of solid material expands when heated and contracts when
cooled, just as if it were filled with the material that surrounds it.
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 23
12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion
Conceptual Example 7 Expanding Cylinders

Each cylinder is made from a different material.
All three have the same temperature and they
barely fit inside each other.

As the cylinders are heated to the same,
but higher, temperature, cylinder C falls
off, while cylinder A becomes tightly wedged
to cylinder B.

Which cylinder is made from which material?
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 24
12.5 Volume Thermal Expansion
VOLUME THERMAL EXPANSION

The volume of an object changes when its temperature changes:
T V V
o
A = A |
coefficient of
volume expansion
Common Unit for the Coefficient of Volume Expansion: ( )
1
C
C
1
=

PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 25

12.5 Volume Thermal Expansion
Example 8 An Automobile Radiator

A small plastic container, called the coolant reservoir, catches
the radiator fluid that overflows when an automobile engine
becomes hot. The radiator is made of
copper and the coolant has an
expansion coefficient of
4.0x10
-4
(C
o
)
-1
. If the radiator
is filled to its 15-quart capacity
when the engine is cold (6
o
C),
how much overflow will spill into the
reservoir when the coolant reaches its
operating temperature (92
o
C)?
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 26
12.5 Volume Thermal Expansion
( ) ( )( )( ) quarts 53 . 0 C 86 quarts 15 C 10 10 . 4
1
4
coolant
= = A


V
( ) ( )( )( ) quarts 066 . 0 C 86 quarts 15 C 10 51
1
6
radiator
= = A


V
quarts 0.46 quarts 066 . 0 quarts 53 . 0
spill
= = AV
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12.5 Volume Thermal Expansion
Expansion of water.
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12.6 Heat and Internal Energy
DEFINITION OF HEAT

Heat is energy that flows from a higher-
temperature object to a lower-temperature
object because of a difference in temperatures.

SI Unit of Heat: joule (J)
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12.6 Heat and Internal Energy
The heat that flows from hot to cold
originates in the internal energy of
the hot substance.


It is not correct to say that a substance
contains heat.
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 30
12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
HEAT SUPPLIED OR REMOVED IN CHANGING THE TEMPERATURE
OF A SUBSTANCE

The heat that must be supplied or removed to change the temperature of
a substance is

T mc Q A =
specific heat
capacity
Common Unit for Specific Heat Capacity: J/(kgC
o
)
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 31
12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 32
12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity
Example 9 A Hot Jogger

In a half-hour, a 65-kg jogger can generate 8.0x10
5
J of heat. This heat
is removed from the body by a variety of means, including the bodys own
temperature-regulating mechanisms. If the heat were not removed, how
much would the body temperature increase?
T mc Q A =
( ) ( ) | |

C 5 . 3
C kg J 3500 kg 65
J 10 0 . 8
5
=

= = A
mc
Q
T
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 33
12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity
GASES

The value of the specific heat of a gas depends on whether the pressure or
volume is held constant.

This distinction is not important for solids.
OTHER UNITS

1 kcal = 4186 joules

1 cal = 4.186 joules
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 34
12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity
CALORIMETRY
If there is no heat loss to the surroundings,
the heat lost by the hotter object equals the
heat gained by the cooler ones.
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 35
12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity
Example 12 Measuring the Specific Heat Capacity

The calorimeter is made of 0.15 kg of aliminum
and contains 0.20 kg of water. Initially, the
water and cup have the same temperature
of 18.0
o
C. A 0.040 kg mass of unknown
material is heated to a temperature of
97.0
o
C and then added to the water.

After thermal equilibrium is reached, the
temperature of the water, the cup, and the
material is 22.0
o
C. Ignoring the small amount
of heat gained by the thermometer, find
the specific heat capacity of the
unknown material.
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 36
12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity
( ) ( ) ( )
unknown water Al
T mc T mc T mc A = A + A
( ) ( )
( )
( ) | |( )( ) ( ) | |( )( )
( )( )
( )

C kg J 1300
C 0 . 75 kg 040 . 0
C 0 . 4 kg 20 . 0 C kg J 4186 C 0 . 4 kg 15 . 0 C kg J 10 00 . 9
2
unknown
water Al
unknown
=
+
=
A
A + A
=
T m
T mc T mc
c
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 37
12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat
THE PHASES OF MATTER
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12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat
During a phase change, the temperature of the mixture does not
change (provided the system is in thermal equilibrium).
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 39
12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat
Conceptual Example 13 Saving Energy

Suppose you are cooking spaghetti for dinner, and the instructions
say boil pasta in water for 10 minutes. To cook spaghetti in an open
pot with the least amount of energy, should you turn up the burner
to its fullest so the water vigorously boils, or should you turn down
the burner so the water barely boils?
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 40
12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat
HEAT SUPPLIED OR REMOVED IN CHANGING THE PHASE
OF A SUBSTANCE

The heat that must be supplied or removed to change the phase
of a mass m of a substance is
mL Q=
latent heat
SI Units of Latent Heat: J/kg
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 41
12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 42
12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat
Example 14 Ice-cold Lemonade

Ice at 0
o
C is placed in a Styrofoam cup containing 0.32 kg of lemonade
at 27
o
C. The specific heat capacity of lemonade is virtually the same as
that of water. After the ice and lemonade reach and equilibrium
temperature, some ice still remains. Assume that mass of the cup is
so small that it absorbs a negligible amount of heat.
( ) ( )


lemonade
by lost Heat
lemonade
ice by
gained Heat
ice
T cm mL
f
A =
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 43
12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat
( ) ( )


lemonade
by lost Heat
lemonade
ice by
gained Heat
ice
T cm mL
f
A =
( )
( ) | |( )( )
kg 11 . 0
kg J 10 3.35
C 0 C 27 kg 32 . 0 C kg J 4186
L
5
f
lemonade
ice
=

=
A
=

T cm
m
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 44
12.9 Equilibrium Between Phases of Matter
The pressure of vapor that coexists in equilibrium with the liquid is
called the equilibrium vapor pressure of the liquid.
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12.9 Equilibrium Between Phases of Matter
Only when the temperature and vapor pressure correspond to a point
on the curved line do the liquid and vapor phases coexist in equilibrium.
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 46
12.9 Equilibrium Between Phases of Matter
Conceptual Example 16 How to Boil Water That is
Cooling Down

Shortly after the flask is removed from the burner,
the boiling stops. A cork is then placed in the neck
of the flask to seal it. To restart the boiling, should
you pour hot or cold water over the neck of the
flask?
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 47
12.9 Equilibrium Between Phases of Matter
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 48
12.9 Equilibrium Between Phases of Matter
As is the case for liquid/vapor
equilibrium, a solid can be in
equilibrium with its liquid phase
only at specific conditions of
temperature and pressure.
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 49
12.10 Humidity
Air is a mixture of gases.

The total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures of the component
gases.

The partial pressure of water vapor depends on weather conditions. It
can be as low as zero or as high as the vapor pressure of water at the
given temperature.
( )
( )
( )
100
re temperatu existing at water of pressure vapor m Equilibriu
or water vap of pressure Partial
humidity relative Percent =
To provide an indication of how much water vapor is in the air, weather
forecasters usually give the relative humidity:
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 50
12.10 Humidity
Example 17 Relative Humidities

One day, the partial pressure of water vapor is 2.0x10
3
Pa. Using the
vaporization curve, determine the relative humidity if the temperature
is 32
o
C.
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 51
12.10 Humidity
( )
( )
( )
100
re temperatu existing at water of pressure vapor m Equilibriu
or water vap of pressure Partial
humidity relative Percent =
% 42 100
Pa 10 8 . 4
Pa 10 0 . 2
humidity Relative
3
3
=

=
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 52
12.10 Humidity
The temperature at which the relative humidity is 100% is called the dew
point.
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 53
12.10 Humidity
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Force
A
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Force
A
PHYS222 LSSU Bazlur Slide 56
Force
A