A component ready for Interaction with other run-time components IP

IP
IP

SWC SWC

IP

IP

HWC

HWC

IP

IP Off-line component design environment

IP

Run-time components HWC = Hardware components SWC = Software components IP = Interaction point

A component is a hardware or software entity with an identifiable boundary which can be designed to perform certain functions and which can be used to compose more complex entities for a given purpose. Components can be divided into two main categories, namely; software components (SC) and hardware components (HC).

Monitor component Build component

Logical connection other components validator component

axis

Mechatronic Systems

software components hardware components

Actuator

Loop Validator component

component

Physical Sensor Component connection validator component Other components

Typical Components within Machine Control Systems

Value Traditional Sensor Value An Intelligent Sensor Quality

Modern control system needs potentiality or gravity or more accurately validity of the measured signal in order to make decisions whether or not to use the input measurement from the sensor. Validation is a process of assessing a system or components performance with regard to any abnormal situation. An intelligent sensor produces an index specifying the quality of the signal.

Control Algorithm

FDI Algorithm

Control Algorithm and FDI Algorithm

Target Control System with Sensors, Actuators, Switches, Valves, Displays etc.. (a) Conventional Approach

Target Control System with Sensors, Actuators, Switches, Valves, Displays etc.. (b) Integrated Approach

Conventional principle results in the separate implementation of the control solution and the diagnostic solution. The modern scheme intends to integrate the control algorithm and validation algorithm in one platform. Such implementation is called integrated approach.

Open Automation Environment

Target Control System (Machines) VLSI

Component Validation Information Technology

Digital Technology

Manufacturers' Design (Sensor, Actuator, Valve etc. etc..)

Hardware vendors do not normally include validation algorithms in their devices. Given a non-intelligent device, the validation algorithm can be developed and embedded close to the device. The validation scheme should be independent of a manufacturers design.

Component Fault Detection and Validation Algorithm (Centralised)

Machine Switch Actuator Sensor Actuator Sensor Valve

The slide shows a conventional centralised fault detection scheme. A centralised system is inherently not flexible and can not easily be extended or enhanced.

Process/System level

Process Validation

Network Level Loop Validation Loop Level Network Validation

Component Level

Component Validation

(a) Hierarchical control stack

(b) Proposed Validation approach

The advances in recent years in fieldbus technology and embedded computing technology have allowed intelligence to be distributed to the component or device level of a system, offering a greatly enhanced flexibility in segmenting and aggregating control systems.

Operational knowledge on the components Scheme Selection Identification of Validation Modes (VM) Mapping

Algorithm Development

Installation

Prior knowledge of the component specification, operating conditions and signal pattern for each failure or validation mode (described below) are either supplied by the process engineer or extracted from an in-built knowledge base. This information is essential for subsequent diagnosis and validation of components and machines. There are four main aspects to be considered before developing the validation algorithms and their implementation.

Low-Level Image Processing Change-detection, Edge and region extractors etc. ) Other sensory Other sensory systems Other sensory systems systems

Scanning system Scanning system Scanning system

QUALITY OUTPUT Object detection Proximity sensor Proximity sensor Proximity sensor EXPERT SYSTEM

Image processing, Crowding evaluation, Intruder tracking, Motion estimation, object detection)

Vision system Vision system Vision system (camera) (camera) (camera)

Other sensory Other sensory systems Other sensory systems systems

"Data fusion is a formal framework in which there are expressed means and tools for the alliance of data originating from different sources, and for the

exploitation of their synergy in order to obtain information whose quality cannot be achieved otherwise".