Crude Oil Viscosity Models and

Data
Data Quality Control Procedures
Termodinamica de Hidrocarburos


2
Needs of Crude Oil Viscosity
Calculation of two-phase flow
Gas-lift and pipeline design
Fluid flow in the reservoir
Select oil production strategy

Data Quality Checks
3
4
Production and Injection imply
viscosity changes
Temperature
t
1
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

t
3
t
2
Gas
Injection
Production
t
t
3
2
Gas
Injection
Production
5
Typical Viscosity Correlations
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
O
i
l

V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y
,

c
P
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Pressure, psia
Undersaturated Oil Viscosity
Correlation Comparison
Untitled
Reg: CPTC PSS - Chevron Oil Corporation
Vazquez and Beggs
Kartoatmodjo
Beal / Standing
Beal / Pipeflow
Kaye
Petrosky
Osorio
Khan
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
O
i
l

V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y
,

c
P
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Pressure, psia
Undersaturated Oil Viscosity
Correlation Comparison
Untitled
Reg: CPTC PSS- Chevron Oil Corporation
Vazquez and Beggs
Kartoatmodjo
Beal / Standing
Kaye
Petrosky
Osorio
Khan
6
Typical Viscosity Correlations
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
O
i
l

V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y
,

c
P
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Pressure, psia
Undersaturated Oil Viscosity
Correlation Comparison
Untitled
Reg: CPTC PSS - Chevron Oil Corporation
Vazquez and Beggs
Kartoatmodjo
Beal / Standing
Beal / Pipeflow
Kaye
Petrosky
Osorio
Khan
2
3
4
5
6
7
O
i
l

V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y
,

c
P
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Pressure, psia
Saturated Oil Viscosity
Correlation Comparison
Untitled
Reg: CPTC PSS - Chev ron Oil Cor poration
Beggs and Robinson
Kartoatmodjo
Chew and Connally / Aziz
Chew and Connally / Standing
Kaye
Petrosky
Osorio
Omoregie
Khan
7
Methods to Evaluate Oil
Viscosity

Black Oil models
Compositional models
Data
8
Methods to Evaluate Fluid
Properties
G
G O ,
n
y y y y ... , ,
3 2 1
n
x x x x ... , ,
3 2 1
Black Oil Compositional
Model Formulations

9
Viscosity Correlations
Black Oil Type
Correlation in terms of field derived
variables Rs, Bo, P, T, API
Geographically dependent
Corresponding States Type
Require compositional data
Complex but more reliable

10


S
e
p
a
r
a
t
o
r

g
a
s

gas gas
Decreasing Pressure
S
e
p
a
r
a
t
o
r

g
a
s

S
e
p
a
r
a
t
o
r

g
a
s

gas
Standard
Conditions
S
e
p
a
r
a
t
o
r

g
a
s

S
e
p
a
r
a
t
o
r

g
a
s

oil

oil

oil

oil

oil

STB

STB
STB
STB
Standard
Conditions
B
g
=
R
v
=
B
o
=
R
s
=
P
2

P
1
P
4
P
3
Reservoir

Definition of Oil & Gas PVT Properties
11
Differential Liberation Tests
Gas
Oil
Hg
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage N
P= atm
Stage 0
P = P
b
Gas off
Gas off
Gas
Oil
Hg
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage N
P= atm
Stage 0
P = P
b
Gas off
Gas off
12
Differential Test Sample
PVT Data at T=80
o
F

Pressure

(psig)

R
s

[1]


(SCF/STB)

B
o

[2]


(RB/STB)

Oil Density

o
(gm/cc)

Gas
Deviation
Factor Z

Bg
[3]


(RCF/SCF)

Gas
Gravity

g

1690 210 1.069 0.9022
1500 188 1.063 0.9052 0.822 0.00825 0.581
1300 165 1.056 0.9083 0.835 0.00966 0.576
1100 141 1.049 0.9113 0.852 0.01162 0.573
900 117 1.042 0.9143 0.872 0.01450 0.571
700 93 1.036 0.9174 0.896 0.01906 0.572
500 68 1.029 0.9205 0.922 0.02724 0.574
300 42 1.022 0.9235 0.951 0.04593 0.581
100 15 1.014 0.9268 0.983 0.13004 0.600
0 0 1.008 0.9305 0.724

Gravity of Residual Oil = 19.2API @ 60F

[1] Cubic feet of gas at 14.7 psia and 60F per barrel of residual oil at 60F.
[2] Barrels of oil at indicated pressure and temperature per barrel of residual oil at 60F.
[3] Barrels of oil plus liberated gas at indicated pressure and temperature per barrel of
residual oil at 60F.



13
Differential Test Sample
Viscosities at T=80
o
F

Pressure
(psig)
Oil Viscosity
(cp)
Calculated
Gas Viscosity
(cp)
Oil/Gas
Viscosity
Ratio
1690 (P
b
) 35.4
1500 40.0 0.0146 2740
1300 45.2 0.0140 3230
1100 51.2 0.0134 3820
900 58.5 0.0129 4530
700 68.4 0.0124 5520
500 82.5 0.0120 6880
300 102.1 0.0116 8800
100 127.6 0.0113 11300
0 177.0 0.0106 16700

14
Variation of Oil Viscosity
O
i
l

V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y


T = constant
P
b

Single Phase Flow

Two Phase Flow
Gas Out of
Solution
15
Data Quality Tests
Does oil viscosity from a DL test increase as
pressure decreases?
Do densities vary smoothly with pressure?
Do solution gas oil ratios vary smoothly with
pressure?
Do the reported properties vary substantially, from
reported properties of other fluids from similar
locations? (Abnormal variability)
Do all components from a recombined reservoir
fluid satisfy the recombination ratio? (material
balance check)
16
Data Preparation & Screening
Routine
Automatic labeling of each DL test
Remove outliers by using numerical first
derivatives forward and backward
Extract bubble point pressures
Selection of suitable correlations and
range for pseudo critical properties
Minimum number of points in data set
should be 4


17
A Consistent Data Set
Differential Liberation Test (API = 22.53, T = 357.8 K)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Pressure (bar)

V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

(
c
p
)
0.8
0.82
0.84
0.86
D
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
g
/
c
m
3
)
Viscosity (cp) Density ( g/cm3)
18
Extrapolated Molecular weight
Boiling Point T, and Vcm
1
10
100
1000
10000
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Oil Specific Gravity
V
c
m

/
f
t

3
/

l
b
-
m
o
l
,


T
b

/
R
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
M
o
l
e
c
u
l
a
r

W
e
i
g
h
t
Vcm Vcm (ex) Tb (R)
Tb (R) (ex) Mwm Mwm (ex)
19
Data Screening
Differential Liberation Test (API = 45, T = 319 K)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 50 100 150 200 250
Pressure (bar)

V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

(
c
p
)
0.6
0.64
0.68
0.72
D
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
g
/
c
m
3
)
Viscosity (cp) Density ( g/cm3)
20
Differential Liberation Test (API = 35.7, T = 380 K)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Pressure (bar)

V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

(
c
p
)
0.66
0.68
0.7
0.72
0.74
0.76
D
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
g
/
c
m
3
)
Viscosity (cp) Density ( g/cm3)
Data Screening
21
Data Screening
Differential Liberation Test (API = 32.43, T = 361.7 K)
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
20 80 140 200 260 320
Pressure (bar)

V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

(
c
p
)
0.7
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78
0.8
D
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
g
/
c
m
3
)
Viscosity (cp) Density ( g/cm3)
22
Differential Liberation Test (API = 32.1 T = 333.1 K)
720
722
724
726
728
730
20 40 60 80 100 120
Pressure (bar)
T
c
m

(
K
)
198
200
202
204
206
M
w
m

(
g
/
g
m
o
l
)
Tcm (K) Mwm
Data Screening
23
Data Sets and Property Ranges
Range of input data. SI units and values in are indicated in parenthesis.
Dataset N
o
Points. Variable Minimum Maximum
#1 2343 Oil Density: lbm/ft
3
(g/cm
3
)
35.11
(0.562)
57.31
(0.92)
#2 150 Oil Density, lbm/ft
3
(g/cm
3
)
24.31
(0.389)
57.50
(0.921)
#1 2343 Oil Viscosity, cp 0.132 78.30
#2 150 Oil Viscosity, cp 0.13 68.90
#1 2343 Temperature, R (K) 540 (300) 766 (425.5)
#2 150 Temperature, R (K) 537 (303.9) 762 (423.3)
#1 2343 Pressure, psia (MPa) 14.7 (0.1) 5601.7 (38.62)
#2 150 Pressure, psia (MPa) 102.7 (0.708) 5434.7 (37.47)
24
Original Pedersens Model
( ) ( )
o o o
o
m
o
m
co
cm
co
cm
m
T , P
MW
MW
P
P
T
T
T , P
3 2 1

|
|
.
|

\
|
o
o
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
o o o
5173 . 0
m
847 . 1
ro
3
m
MW 10 378 . 7 000 . 1 + = o

847 . 1
ro o
031 . 0 000 . 1 + = o
25
Corresponding States
Temperature and Pressure
co
cm
co
cm
co
o
ro
T
TT
,
P
PP

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
m cm
o co
o
P
PP
P
o
o
=
m cm
o co
o
T
TT
T
o
o
=
the viscosity of the reference fluid
is evaluated at
26
Correlations for the Reference
Fluid
( ) TP . 1 T . T 1847.7998 - exp
/
C10
8 2 1 1
10 5043 1906 168

+ + =
PT 10 87 . 8 T 10 7057 . 6 P 001272 . 0
T
P
0.4775 T 8775.2881 - T .5418 321 2
T
1
50992
7 3 9
2 / 1 3 / 1
C10
+
+ + =


Density
Viscosity
27
Extended Pedersen Viscosity
Model
( ) B A
MW
MW
V
V
T
T T
T , P
3.9243 -
10 C
m
0.9841
10 cC
cm
0286 . 1
2
10 cC
cm
m

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
2902 . 2
4471 . 0
sb
1362 . 0
sb
R , o s
API R
R
R
A
R , o

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
o o C10
. C10
c
C10
10 C
cm
3
ob
o
T , P 1930 . 0 1388 . 2
T
V P
02359 . 0
B
B
2606 . 0 exp B
28
Lohrentz Bray and Clark
Viscosity Model
4
th
degree polynomial in reduced
density
Requires pseudocritical properties
(usually evaluated from compositions)
See class notes & papers included in
our web site
29
Lohrentz Bray and Clark
Viscosity Model
1
5
1
4 1
4
10

=

= +
i
r
i
i
/
*
a
3 2 2 1 6 1 /
cm
/
wm
/
cm
P M T =
30
Lohrentz Bray and Clark
Extended Viscosity Model
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(

o + o + o

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
o
o
o o o o o
1
9 8 7
6
5
4 3 2 1
T
P
exp
T
P
P
API R M LBC
r
cm
sr wm R , o
R , o R , o o
Extended LBC

Parameter
Value

Parameter
Value
o0
= -0.80425
o5
= -0.37144
o1
= 1.498864
o6
= -2.47265
o2
= 2.76244
o7
= 0.840063
o3
= 0.206572
o8
= -0.02235
o4
= -3.0795
o9
= 0.047899

31
Errors are Defined as
( )
100

erimental exp
predicted erimental exp
( )
100

erimental exp
predicted erimental exp
32
Extended Pedersens Model
Calibration Set
0.1
1
10
100
0.1 1 10 100
Experimental Viscosity (cp)
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
e
d

V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

(
c
p
)
Extended Pedersen
Data Set 1:
2324 points
33
Lohrentz Bray and Clark
Extended Viscosity Model
Calibration Set
0.1
1
10
100
0.1 1 10 100
Experimental Viscosity (cp)
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
e
d

V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

(
c
p
)
Extended LBC
Data Set 1:
2324 points
34
Extended Pedersen
(Validation Set)
Validation Set
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Experimental Viscosity (cp)
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
e
d

V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

(
c
p
)
Extended Pedersen
35
Extended LBC
(Validation Set)
Validation Set
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Experimental Viscosity (cp)
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
e
d

V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

(
c
p
)
Extended LBC
36
Statistical Summary
Extended Pedersen (EP) and Extended
LBC (ELBC) Viscosity Models

Calibration Set (Nc =2,324 points)

Ranges Mean
Standard
Deviation Minimum Maximum
Experimental
Viscosity () 1.76 5.04 0.13 78.30
Extended Pedersen
(EP) () 1.53 4.49 0.15 103.92
Error (EP) % -0.66 33.20 -322.04 77.24
Absolute Error (EP)
% 22.49 24.43 0.01 322.03
Extended LBC () 1.51 3.69 0.20 81.25
Error (LBC) % -6.04 38.70 -420.35 77.18
Absolute Error
(LBC) % 25.14 30.04 0.00 420.34

37
Statistical Summary
Extended Pedersen (EP) and Extended
LBC (ELBC) Viscosity Models

Validation Set (Nv =150 points)

Ranges Mean
Standard
Deviation Minimum Maximum
Experimental
Viscosity () 2.58 9.19 0.13 68.90
Extended Pedersen
(EP) () 2.88 10.91 0.10 89.09
Error (EP) % -0.35 32.37 -165.08 60.75
Absolute Error (EP)
% 23.24 22.45 0.08 165.08
Extended LBC () 1.90 5.62 0.17 40.96
Error (LBC) % -1.41 25.00 -111.35 44.83
Absolute Error
(LBC) % 19.15 16.04 0.26 111.34

38
Conclusions
Developed automated procedure to quality
check and extract data from large
databases
Modified Pedersen and LBC oil viscosity
viscosity models for use with non-
compositional data
Developed viscosity models that can be
easily and implemented in reservoir
simulators
Tuning of parameters can be done with
simple linear regression
39
Conclusions
Developed new oil viscosity model
which can be easily implemented in
simulators
Tuning of parameters can be done
with simple linear regression
Predictions better than existing
correlations
40
Future Work
Test model with correlations for Bo
and Rs (see paper AIChe-87h)
Investigate the dependence of initial
parameters with Differential Set
parameters (API, Rsb, T, Bob)
Extend the model to heavier oils
41
Adapted Pedersens Model
with C
10
as Reference Fluid
Data Set 1:
2343 points
42
Predicted vs Experimental
Viscosity from our model
Data Set 1:
2343 points
43
Lohrentz Bray and Clark
Viscosity Model
0.1
1
10
100
0.1 1 10 100
Predicted Viscosity (cp)
E
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l

V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y

(
c
p
)
Modified LBC
44
Predicted vs Experimental
Viscosity from Khans model
Data Set 1:
2343 points
45
Predicted vs Experimental
Viscosity from Petroskys model
Data Set 1:
2343 points
46
Comparison of Petrosky vs.
Extended Pedersens Model
Data Set 1:
2343 points
47
Predicted vs Experimental
Viscosity from Pedersens model
Data Set 2:
150 points
48
Predicted vs Experimental
Viscosity from our model
Data Set 2:
150 points
49
Predicted vs Experimental
Viscosity from Khans model
Data Set 2:
150 points
50
Predicted vs Experimental
Viscosity from Petroskys model
Data Set 2:
150 points
51
Comparison of Petrosky vs.
our model
Data Set 2:
150 points
52
Performance when parameters
are tuned for each DL set
Data Set 1:
2343 points