Chapter 10

Concept Review
 Pressure
• Force per unit area
• SI unit is Pascal
• 1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 101.325
kPa
 Will not be given
 Gas Laws
• Boyle’s Law
 Relates pressure to volume
with constant temperature
 Inversely proportional
 PV = constant
 P1V1 = P2V2
 Gas Laws
• Charles’s Law
 Relates volume to temperature
with constant pressure
 Directly proportional
 V/T = constant
 V1/T1 = V2/T2
 Avogadro's Law
• Volume of gas at given
temperature directly proportional
to number of moles of gas
• V/n = constant
• At STP, 22.4 L of gas contains
6.02 x 1023 molecules
 Gas Laws
• Avogadro's Hypothesis
 Equal volumes of gas at same
temperature and pressure
contain same number of
molecules
 Gas Laws
• Combined Gas Law
 PV/nT = constant
 P1V1/n1T1 = P2V2/n2T2
 Gas Laws
• Ideal Gas Law
 PV = nRT
 R is ideal gas constant
(.0821 L atm/mol K)
 Watch units
 n can be used for
stoichiometric calculation
• Density of a gas
 M = dRT/P
(R = .0821 L atm/mol K)
 Gas Laws
• Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
 Total pressure of mixture of
gases equal to sum of partial
pressure of each gas
 Pt = P1 + P2 + P3…
 nt = n1 + n2 + n3…
 Gas Laws
• Mole Fraction
 X1 = n1/nt
 Pressure of gas
 P1 = X1Pt
 Gas Laws
• Collecting Gas over Water
 Ptotal = Pgas + Pwater
 Vapor pressure of water varies
with temperature
 Values given or in Appendix B
 Kinetic Molecular Theory
• Size of gas molecules small
compared to distance between
molecules (gas molecules very
small and very far apart)
• Gas molecules are in constant
random motion
• Attractive forces between
molecule are negligible
 Kinetic Molecular Theory
• Gas particles have elastic
collisions – no KE lost
• Average KE proportional to
absolute temperature
 Kinetic Energy of Gas
Sample
• KEave = 3/2 RT (per mole)
• R = 8.31 J/mol K
 Root Mean Square Velocity
• Speed of individual particle in a
gas sample with average KE
• μrms = √3RT/M
 R = 8.31 J/mol K
 M = kg/mol
 Graham’s Law of Effusion
• Diffusion is movement of particles
from high to low concentration
• Effusion is the escape of a gas
molecule through a tiny hole into an
evacuated space
• For rate of effusion
 r1/r2 = √M2/M1
 Graham’s Law of Effusion
• For diffusion, although gases
traveling at high rates of speed,
their movement is slowed by
collisions with other particles
Deviations from Ideal Gas Laws
(Real Gases)
• Real gases behave most like ideal gases
at high temperature and low pressure
• At low temperature and high pressure
gases deviate from ideal behavior
 Molecules have finite volume
 Molecules do attract each other
 Deviations from Ideal Gas
Laws (Real Gases)
• Van der Waals Equation corrects
for these conditions
 Correction for molecular
attraction
 Correction for measurable
volume