Professional Documents
Culture Documents
100
80
60
40
20
0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Structure of Residential Energy
Demand
Evolution of LPG demand: total and
average percapita consumption
(1990=100)
140
120
60
40
20
Oil sector de-regulation
0
1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
LPG price de-regulation
50
Country’s
45 highest price
Regional average prices
40
R$/13kg bottle
AP 35.86
35
AP 32.85
30 SP 29.05
25 SP 24.19
Lowest price
20
Vendor price Consumer price
0
1
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
29/7/1998
29/10/1998
29/1/1999
29/4/1999
29/7/1999
29/10/1999
LPG subsidies
29/1/2000
29/4/2000
29/7/2000
29/10/2000
29/1/2001
29/4/2001
29/7/2001
Ex-factory price (R$/kg)
Production Cost (R$/kg)
29/10/2001
10
30
50
70
-30
-10
Percentage (%)
Changes in the LPG subsidy
policy
Table 1: Price structures after for a 13 kg bottled LPG before and after liberalization in December 2001 and January 2002 (in R$).
1.200.000
% alcohol
60
1.000.000
50
800.000
40
600.000 30
400.000 20
200.000 10
0 0
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
Note: includes diesel, gasoline and alcohol
Source: ÚNICA, 2004
vehicles
Ethanol production learning
curve
Ethanol and gasoline prices
Ethanol production (1970-2002)
18000
16000
14000
12000
1000 m3
10000
8000 Hydrated
6000
4000
2000 Anhydrous
0
70
73
76
79
82
85
88
91
94
97
00
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
19
19