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=
=
I
K
k
k
I
C
I
C
1
C/I is calculated as:
The maximum number of K in the first tier is 6 and knowing that
loss path n propagatio =
=
I
K
k
k
D
R
I
C
1
o
= D D I
Interfering signal,
The above equation becomes:
Co-Channel Interference
K
I
= number of interfering cells
( )
1
1
1 1
I
I
K
K
k
k
k
k
C
I
D
q
R
=
=
= =
| |
|
\ .
Rearranging:
and
R
D
q
k
k
=
The q
k
is the co-channel interference
reduction factor with k
th
co-channel
interfering cell.
Co-Channel Interference
Co-Channel Interference
As N decreases the number of frequency
channels per cell increases but C/I
decreases
C/I is improved by different methods
Sectored antennas: reduces K
I
Beam tilting: Reduces power to co-channel
cells
Channel assignment: minimizes activation of
co-channel frequencies, which reduces K
I
68
Adjacent Channel Interference
Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI)
ACI happens because Imperfect Rx
filters allow energy from adjacent
channels to leak into the passband of
other channels
EP602-WIRELESS COMMUNICATION/CHAPTER 5 69
actual filter response
EP602-WIRELESS COMMUNICATION/CHAPTER 5 70
desired filter response
Adjacent Channel Interference
This affects both forward & reverse links
Forward Link base-to-mobile
interference @ mobile Rx from a ______ Tx
(another mobile or another base station that is
not the one the mobile is listening to) when
mobile Rx is ___ away from base station.
signal from base station is weak and others
are somewhat strong.
Reverse Link mobile-to-base
interference @ base station Rx from nearby
mobile Tx when desired mobile Tx is far away
from base station
Adjacent Channel Interference
Near/Far Effect
interfering source is near some Rx when
desired source is far away
ACI is primarily from mobiles in the same
cell
some cell-to-cell ACI does occur as well
but a secondary source
Control of ACI
dont allocate channels within a given cell
from a contiguous band of frequencies
for example, use channels 1, 4, 7, and 10 for a cell.
no channels next to each other
Adjacent Channel Interference
maximize channel separation
separation of as many as N channel
bandwidths
some schemes also seek to minimize ACI
from neighboring cells by not assigning
adjacent channels in neighboring cells
Adjacent Channel Interference
74
EP602-WIRELESS COMMUNICATION/CHAPTER 5
Originally 666 channels, then 10 MHz of spectrum was
added
666+166 = 832 channels
395 VC plus 21 CC per service provider (providers A &
B)
395*2 = 790, plus 42 control channels
Provider A is a company that has not traditionally
provided telephone service
Provider B is a traditional wireline operator
21 VC groups with 19 channels/group
at least 21 channel separation for each group
Adjacent Channel Interference
for N = 7 3 VC groups/cell
For example, choose groups 1A, 1B, and 1C for a
cell so channels 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, etc. are used.
57 channels/cell
at least 7 channel separation for each cell group
to have high quality on control channels, 21 cell reuse is
used for CCs
instead of reusing a CC every 7 cells, as for VCs,
reuse every 21 cells (after every three clusters)
greater distance between control channels, so less
CCI
76
Adjacent Channel Interference
use high quality filters in base stations
better filters are possible in base stations
since they are not constrained by physical
size and power as much as in the mobile Rx
makes reverse link ACI less of a concern than
forward link ACI
also true because of power control (discussed
below)
choice of modulation schemes
different modulation schemes provide less or
more energy outside their passband.
Adjacent Channel Interference
Power Control
technique to minimize ACI
base station & MSC constantly monitor mobile
received signal strength
mobile Tx power varied (controlled) so that
smallest Tx power necessary for a quality
reverse link signal is used (lower power for
the closer the mobile is to the base station)
also helps battery life on mobile
Adjacent Channel Interference
dramatically improves adjacent
channel S / I ratio, since mobiles in
other cells only transmit at high enough
power as transmitter controls (not at
full power)
most beneficial for ACI on reverse link
will see later that this is especially
important for CDMA systems
Adjacent Channel Interference
Method To Reduce Co-channel Interference
Possible Solutions?
1) Increase base station Tx power to improve
radio signal reception? __
this will also increase interference from
co-channel cells by the same amount
no net improvement
2) Separate co-channel cells by some
minimum distance to provide sufficient
isolation from propagation of radio signals?
if all cell sizes, transmit powers, and
coverage patterns same co-channel
interference is independent of Tx power
co-channel interference depends on:
R : cell radius
D : distance to base station of nearest co-channel cell
if D / R then spatial separation relative to
cell coverage area
improved isolation from co-channel RF energy
Q = D / R : co-channel reuse ratio
hexagonal cells Q = D/R =
N
R
D
Q 3 = =
3N
D
R
R
R
Method To Reduce Co-channel Interference
CCI Reduction: Cell Sectoring
Shown 120 sectored
antennas
Channel per cell are
divided among 3 sectors
CCI decreased. Sector 0
gets interference from
sectors 4, 5 and 6 only
60 degrees sectored also
possible
0
2
3
4
1
5
6
82
CCI Reduction: Beam Tilting
By tilting down the antenna beam, the power
outside the cell, causing CCI reduces
83
CCI Reduction: Channel
Assignment
Fixed Channel Assignment
Cell allocated predetermined set of channels
Any call within the cell must use one of the
unused channels assigned to cell
If all channels used, call is blocked
Channel Borrowing
If all channels are used in a cell has, it can,
temporarily, borrow from neighboring cells
MSC supervises borrowing
Should not cause high CCI to other cell
84
CCI Reduction: Channel Assignment
Dynamic Channel Assignment
Channels not permanently assigned to cells
BSC requests channel from MSC when call made
MSC allocates channel to call based on algorithm that
takes into account
Probability of future blocking within cell
Frequency of use of candidate channel
Reuse distance of channel
MSC assigns channel that will not interfere with existing
calls
Reduces probability of blocking &Increases channel
utilization
85
CCI Reduction: Cell splitting
If higher capacity is needed in a spot, we need to go,
locally, to smaller cluster size N
Each cell can be split into multiple microcells with own BS
Rescaling system to smaller cell size
Transmit power of BS reduced to obtain smaller coverage
area than original BS
Enables more spatial reuse greater system capacity
Cell splitting preserves original frequency reuse plan
Cell splitting causes increased handoff
Can use umbrella cells where fast-moving mobiles
covered by original cell and slower mobiles covered by
microcells
CCI Reduction: Cell Splitting Example
F D
B
G C
F
E
D
G
C
F
E
D
B E
B
G
C
D
E
F
G
B
C
A
F D
B
G C
F
E
D
G
C
F
E
D
B E
B
G
C
A
CCI Reduction: Cell Splitting
Example...
88
CCI Reduction: Frequency Reuse
Design cells to be non-overlapping and cover entire
region
Cells depicted as hexagons
Conceptual design allowing easy analysis of
system
Close to circular shape achieved by
omnidirectional antennas
Footprint: actual radio coverage of a cell
Determined from field measurements or
propagation prediction models
Amorphous in nature
Use hexagon to approximate shape
CCI Reduction: Frequency Reuse
Due to Co-channel Interference (CCI),
cannot use same frequency in adjacent
cell
Cells that use same frequencies must be
separated by distances large enough to
keep interference levels low
Frequencies assigned to different cells
using frequency reuse plan
Adjacent cells assigned different
frequencies to avoid interference or
crosstalk
90
CCI Reduction: Frequency Reuse
Objective is to reuse frequency in nearby
cells
10 to 50 frequencies assigned to each cell
Transmission power controlled to limit
power at that frequency escaping to
adjacent cells
The issue is to determine how many cells
must intervene between two cells using
the same frequency
91
Frequency Reuse
Cells with same letter use the same set of
frequency channels
Using hexagonal cells, BS located at center of
cell
MS at edge of cell receives weak signal from
BS, i.e., low Carrier to Interference ratio (C/I)
92
A
F
E
D
B
G C
A
F
E
D
B
G C
A
F
E
D
B
G C
CCI Reduction: Frequency Reuse
Suppose system has S total channels & k channels
per cell (k < S)
Channels divided among N cells into disjoint
groups, S = kN, N cells which use all S channels called
cluster (N = cluster size, typically 4, 7, 12)
Clusters replicated in system
Typically cluster size N = i
2
+ ij + j
2
N=7 i=2, j=1
N=3 i=1, j=1
Move i cells in any direction
Turn 60
o
CCW
Move j cells in this direction
93
CCI Reduction: Frequency Reuse
A
F
E
D
B
G C
A
F
E
D
B
G C
N = 7
i=2, j=1
A
B
C
B
B
C C
C
B
B
A
C
A
A A
N = 3
i=1, j=1
Frequency Reuse Pattern
2
3
1
N=3
1
2
4
3
4
1
3
6
5
2 7
N=4
N=7
1
1
1
1
N=1
Cell Geometry
N q
R
D
3 = =
D
R
R
R
Causes of interference
another mobile in the same cell
a call in progress in the neighboring
cell
other base stations operating in the
same frequency band
Non cellular system leaks energy
into the cellular frequency band
97