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Distillation Fundamentals
Prof.Dr.G.M.Mamoor
4/8/2014
Ch.E 304
FEED
BOTTOM PRODUCT
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DISTILLATION COLUMN
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A Distillation Column
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Column Classifications
Continuous Columns In contrast, continuous columns process a continuous feed stream. No interruptions occur unless there is a problem with the column or surrounding process units. They are capable of handling high throughputs and are the most common of the two types. We shall concentrate only on this class of columns. batch and continuous columns. Batch Columns In batch operation, the feed to the column is introduced batch-wise. That is, the column is charged with a 'batch' and then the distillation process is carried out. When the desired task is achieved, a next batch of feed is introduced. Types of Continuous Columns Continuous columns can be further classified according to:
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Column Classifications
the nature of the feed that they are processing, binary column - feed contains only two components multi-component column - feed contains more than two components the number of product streams they have multi-product column - column has more than two product streams where the extra feed exits when it is used to help with the separation, extractive distillation - where the extra feed appears in the bottom product stream isotropic distillation where the extra feed appears at the top product stream coluthe type of column internals tray mn - where trays of various designs are used to hold up the liquid to provide better contact between vapour and liquid, hence better separation packed column - where instead of trays, 'packing' are used to enhance contact between vapour and liquid
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TRAY COLUMNS Another method of providing a close contact between the materials in a column is to install trays. A tray is a metal plate that is installed in a horizontal position. They are installed at different levels inside the column. The number of trays and the space between them depends on the design of the column. Some columns have only two or three trays. Very tall columns can have several hundred trays. The trays are held in position by support rings. The support rings are welded to the walls of the column / tower . There are several types of trays used in industry in . The two most commonly used trays are the bubble cap tray and the valve cap tray
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Tray column
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Design of a Tray-Type
Design of a Tray-Type A tray-type fractionator is a vertical, steel cylindrical vessel divided into a number of horizontal sections by metal trays. The top section contains the rectifying trays and is called the rectifying section. The center section is called the feeding section and the bottom is called the stripping section. Most large fractionators use trays or plates because they are easier to maintain and are not as subject to fouling as are packed towers. Products can be taken off at different levels (trays) if specific products are required. Trays are the most efficient method of fractionating liquid mixtures.
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This Figure ( next slide) shows the layout of a typical tray inside tower. The bolts around the circumference are used to install the tray to brackets welded to the vessel wall. The center section of the tray can be removed without disturbing the main part of the tray so the vessel can be inspected or maintained. The weir on the right side of the tray maintains a liquid level on the tray.
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Function of a tray
1. Strips the vapors from the descending liquid to produce an acceptable bottom product. 2. Condenses the liquids from the ascending vapor to produce an acceptable overhead product.
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Trays action
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Equilibrium stage
Vapor
Liquid
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Trays and Plates The terms "trays" and "plates" are used interchangeably. There are many types of tray designs, but the most common ones are: Bubble cap trays Valve trays Sieve trays
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Plat/Tray Column
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Bubble caps
Bubble caps are very efficient and provide uniform distribution and action on each tray. Bubble caps provide intimate contact between the descending liquid and the ascending vapor. Reasons for using bubble cap trays are: 1. They can handle a wide range of feed rates. 2. They can be used with clean or dirty liquids 3. They provide uniform contact between liquid and vapor. 4. They handle large volumes of liquids and vapors. 5. They are easily installed. Although bubble cap trays provide effective fractionation, they have been replaced to a great extent by valve trays.
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Valve Trays
Valve trays are essentially modified sieve trays that may have several types of valves installed in the holes in the trays. The valves are about 50 mm in diameter and are spaced between 76 and 152 mm on center. The valves act like check valves allowing the vapour to rise through the trays while preventing liquid from flowing downward. This ensures that all liquid on the trays is thoroughly scrubbed and contacted by the rising vapour. In operations where there are wide swings in the flow to the fractionator, it is common practice to put light and heavier valves in each tray. During low flow operation, the light valves open and when the flow increases, the heavier valves open .
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Valve Trays
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Sieve trays
Sieve trays Sieve trays are simply metal plates with holes in them. Vapour passes straight upward through the liquid on the plate. The arrangement, number and size of the holes are design parameters. Because of their efficiency, wide operating range, ease of maintenance and cost factors, sieve and valve trays have replaced the once highly thought of bubble cap trays in many application
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Sieve trays
The sieve or perforated tray has a lot of small holes in it. The vapour flowing up the column and the liquid flowing down the column pass through the holes. The vapour and the liquid come into contact as they pass through the holes. These trays are not used in processes that are difficult to control.
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Sieve trays
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Tray Spacing
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4. Feed trays are where the raw product enters the tower.
5. Stripping trays are the trays where the bottom product is stripped of overhead fractions.
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