Mr. R.D.

Pennathur

WELDING METALLURGY
Mr. R.D.Pennathur

Heat Affected Zone Welding Concerns

Changes in structure resulting in changes in properties Cold cracking due to hydrogen

Mr. R.D.Pennathur

Two Types Of Alloy Systems:

Mr. R.D.Pennathur

Cold Worked Alloy Without Allotropic Transformation

Introductory Welding Metallurgy, AWS, 1979

Welding precipitation hardened alloys without allotropic phase changes

Welded In: Full Hard Condition Solution Annealed Condition

Mr. R.D.Pennathur
Introductory Welding Metallurgy, AWS, 1979

Annealed upon Cooling

Mr. R.D.Pennathur

Precipitation Hardened Alloy Welded in Full Hard Condition

Introductory Welding Metallurgy, AWS, 1979

Precipitation Hardened Alloys Welded in Solutioned Condition

Introductory Welding Metallurgy, AWS, 1979

Turn to the person sitting next to you and discuss (1 min): Precipitation hardened austenitic stainless steel is used for high strength applications like rocket components etc. Reviewing the various procedures for welding precipitation hardened steels, what procedure would you recommend? Does it make any difference that this is austenitic stainless steel and not just plain Mr. R.D.Pennathur carbon steel?

Mr. R.D.Pennathur

Steel Alloys With Allotropic Transformation

Introductory Welding Metallurgy, AWS, 1979

Introductory Welding Metallurgy, AWS, 1979

Turn to the person sitting next to you and discuss (1 min.): As we saw, the cooling rate can depend upon the preheat and the heat input. Many codes actually specify the range of heat inputs that can be used to weld certain materials. We had an equation to determine the heat input before. What is it? What processes have the highest Heat Inputs? The lowest?

Mr. R.D.Pennathur

Cracking in Welds

Hydrogen cracking, also called cold cracking, requires all three of these factors
Hydrogen Stress Susceptible microstructure (high

hardness)

Occurs below 300C Prevention by

Preheat slows down the cooling rate;

this can help avoid martensite formation and supplies heat to diffuse hydrogen out of the material Low-hydrogen welding procedure

Mr. R.D.Pennathur 0.1.1.5.2.T12.95.12

Dickinson

Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels

Preheat reduces the temperature differential between the weld region and the base metal
Reduces the cooling rate, which reduces the

chance of forming martensite in steels Reduces distortion and shrinkage stress Reduces the danger of weld cracking Allows hydrogen to escape
Mr. R.D.Pennathur 0.1.1.5.1.T9.95.12

Steel

If the base material is preheated, heat flows more slowly out of the weld region
Slower cooling rates avoid martensite formation

Preheat allows hydrogen to diffuse from the metal

T base Cooling rate T - Tbase)3

Cooling rate T - Tbase)2

T base
Mr. R.D.Pennathur

Steel

CE = %C + %Mn/6 + %(Cr+Mo+V)/5 + %(Si+Ni+Cu)/15

Carbon equivalent (CE) measures ability to form martensite, which is necessary for hydrogen cracking
CE < 0.35 0.35 < CE < 0.55 0.55 < CE

no preheat or postweld heat treatment preheat preheat and postweld heat treatment

Preheat temp. as CE and plate thickness

Mr. R.D.Pennathur

Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels

The fast cooling rates associated with welding often produce martensite During postweld heat treatment, martensite is tempered (transforms to ferrite and carbides)

Reduces hardness Reduces strength Increases ductility Increases toughness

Residual stress is also reduced by the postweld heat treatment Mr. R.D.Pennathur
0.1.1.5.1.T10.95.12

Steel

Postweld heat treatment (~ 1200F) tempers any martensite that may have formed
Increase in ductility and toughness Reduction in strength and hardness

Residual stress is decreased by postweld heat treatment Rule of thumb: hold at temperature for 1 hour per inch of plate thickness; minimum hold of 30 minutes
Mr. R.D.Pennathur

Mr. R.D.Pennathur

Base Metal Welding Concerns

Cracking in Welds

Occurs in thick plate subjected to high transverse welding stress Related to elongated non-metallic inclusions, sulfides and silicates, lying parallel to plate surface and producing regions of reduced ductility Prevention by
Low sulfur steel Specify minimum ductility levels in transverse direction Avoid designs with heavy through-thickness direction Mr. R.D.Pennathur stress
0.1.1.5.2.T14.95.12

Improve Cleanliness Improve through thickness properties Buttering

Mr. R.D.Pennathur

Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels

Heat from subsequent passes affects the structure and properties of previous passes
Tempering Reheating to form austenite Transformation from austenite upon cooling

Complex Microstructure
Mr. R.D.Pennathur 0.1.1.5.1.T11.95.12

Steel

Exhibit a range microstructures

of

Variation of mechanical properties across joint Postweld heat treatment tempers the structure
Reduces property variations across the joint
Mr. R.D.Pennathur

Cracking in Welds

Mo-V and Mo-B steels susceptible Due to high temperature embrittlement of the heat-affected zone and the presence of residual stress Coarse-grained region near fusion line most susceptible

Prevention by

Low heat input welding Intermediate stress relief of partially completed welds Design to avoid high restraint Restrict vanadium additions to 0.1% in steels Dress the weld toe region to remove possible areas of stress concentration
Mr. R.D.Pennathur 0.1.1.5.2.T15.95.12

Stainless Steel

HAZ

Cr23C6 precipitate in HAZ

Band where peak temperature is 8001600F

Weld

Can occur even in stabilized grades

Peak temperature

Knife-line attack

dissolves titanium carbides Cooling rate doesnt allow them to form Mr. R.D.Pennathur again

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