Routing Table Look Up Process

The Routing Table Lookup Process
- Understanding ip classless
CCNA/CCNP
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
The IP Routing Table
• This information and much more is included as two PDF

documents.
• Can also be downloaded from my web site:
– The Routing Table: Part 1 or 2 - The Routing Table Structu
(PDF)
– The Routing Table: Part 2 or 2 - The Routing Table Lookup
(PDF)
• Note: There is much more in depth information in the

documents above and you are encouraged to read them.
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

Classful and Classless:
Routing Behavior versus Routing Protocol
Notes:
• Classful or classless routing behavior has nothing to do with
classful or classless routing protocols.
Routing Protocol
• Classful/Classless routing protocols are only concerned about how
the routes get into the table. (Building the routing table.)
Routing Behavior (nothing to do with Routing Protocol)

• Classful/Classless routing behavior has to do with the lookup process
within the routing table AFTER the routes have entered the routing
table. (Looking up routes in the routing table).

Directly Connected Networks
172.16.1.0/24 172.16.3.0/24 172.16.4.0/24
.1 fa0 .1 fa0 .1 fa0

.1 172.16.2.0/24 .2 .1 192.168.1.0/24 .2
s0 s0 s1 s0
Router A Router B Router C
RouterB#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter
area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
RouterB#
Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 4

RouterB#debug ip routing
RouterB(config)#interface s 1
RouterB(config-if)#ip add 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
RouterB(config-if)#no shutdown
00:59:48: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial1, changed state to up
00:59:48: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial1, changed state
to up
00:59:48: RT: add 192.168.1.0/24 via 0.0.0.0, connected metric [0/0]
00:59:48: RT: interface Serial1 added to routing table
RouterB(config-if)#end
RouterB#undebug all
All possible debugging has been turned off
RouterB#

<text omitted>
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1

RouterB#
Ultimate Routes
• Routes with masks equal to or less than default classful mask (includes
supernet routes.

Creating a Parent/Child Route
RouterB(config)#interface fastethernet 0
RouterB(config-if)#no shutdown
01:21:11: RT: add 172.16.3.0/24 via 0.0.0.0, connected metric [0/0]
01:21:11: RT: interface FastEthernet0 added to routing table
RouterB#undebug all
All possible debugging has been turned off
RouterB#
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile,
<text omitted>
172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 172.16.3.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0
RouterB#

Parent, Child, Ultimate Routes
172.16.1.0/24 172.16.3.0/24 172.16.4.0/24
.1 fa0 .1 fa0 .1 fa0

.1 172.16.2.0/24 .2 .1 192.168.1.0/24 .2
s0 s0 s1 s0
Router A Router B Router C
So far on Router B:
Parent Route: 172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

Child Route: C 172.16.3.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0
Ultimate Route: C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1

Creating Another Child Route
RouterB(config)#inter s 0
<text omitted>

C 172.16.2.0 is directly connected, Serial0
RouterB#

Same structure no matter the source of
route
<text omitted>

S 172.16.4.0 is directly connected, Serial1
R 172.16.1.0 [120/1] via 172.16.2.1, 00:00:08, Serial0
S 10.1.0.0 is directly connected, Serial1
S 192.168.100.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1
RouterB#

New Topology and Examples

R 172.16.1.0 [120/1] via 172.16.2.1, 00:00:20, Serial0
S* 0.0.0.0/0 is directly connected, Serial1

Parent and Child Routes

R 172.16.1.0 [120/1] via 172.16.2.1, 00:00:20, Serial0
Parent Route
• Created automatically whenever there is a route with a mask greater than the
classful mask.
• For non-VLSM routes, contains the mask of the child routes.
Child Routes
• Routes with masks greater than the default classful mask.
Ultimate Routes
• Routes with masks equal to or less than default classful mask (includes
Ricksupernet routes.
Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu
Lookup what?

R 172.16.1.0 [120/1] via 172.16.2.1, 00:00:20, Serial0
Routing Table process matches:

• The routing table process compares the left-most bits in the packet’s
destination IP address with the left-most bits in the route in the routing table,
looking for a longest-bit-match.
• The subnet mask of the route in the routing table specifies the minimum
number of left-most bits that must match.
• Before checking child routes, the classful mask of the parent route is used.
• For child routes the parent route’s mask is used.
• For VLSM routes, the mask is contained with the child route.

R 172.16.1.0 [120/1] via 172.16.2.1, 00:00:20, Serial0
DA = 192.168.1.10
• 16 bits of 172.16.0.0 do not match, so child routes are not checked.
• 24 bits of 192.168.1.0/24 do match, so this route is used.
DA = 172.16.2.1
• 16 bits of 172.16.0.0 do match, so child routes are checked.
• 24 bits of 172.16.1.0 do not match, so continue to next child route.
• 24 bits of 172.16.2.0 do match, so this route is used!

R 172.16.1.0 [120/1] via 172.16.2.1, 00:00:20, Serial0
DA = 32.1.1.10
• 16 bits of 172.16.0.0 do not match, so child routes are not checked.
• 24 bits of 192.168.1.0/24 do not match, so this route is not used.
• 0 bits of 0.0.0.0/0 does match, so this route is used!


R 172.16.1.0 [120/1] via 172.16.2.1, 00:00:20, Serial0
DA = 172.16.4.1
• 16 bits of 172.16.0.0 do match, so child routes are checked.
• 24 bits of 172.16.3.0 do not match, no more child routes.
Now what??? It depends!

Classful Routing Behavior

R 172.16.1.0 [120/1] via 172.16.2.1, 00:00:20, Serial0
DA = 172.16.4.1
Router(config)# no ip classless
• With classful routing behavior, if the child routes are checked but
there are no matches, the routing lookup process ends and the Packet
is dropped. (The packets get in, but they can’t get out!)
• Supernet and default routes are not checked.
• Default with IOS 11.2 and prior
Classless Routing Behavior

R 172.16.1.0 [120/1] via 172.16.2.1, 00:00:20, Serial0
DA = 172.16.4.1
Router(config)# ip classless
• With classless routing behavior, if the child routes are checked but
there are no matches, the routing lookup process continues with other
routes in the routing table, including supernet and default routes.
• 8 bits of 172.0.0.0/8 do match, so this route is used!
• Default with IOS 11.3 and later

R 172.16.1.0 [120/1] via 172.16.2.1, 00:00:20, Serial0
DA = 172.16.4.1
RouterB(config)# no ip classless
A Graphical Look! The Roach Router Motel
• This might help you remember the difference between the no ip classless and the ip
classless command (and then again, maybe not  )
• no ip classless: “The packets get in, but they can’t get out.”
• Once the lookup process enters, because of the parent-bait, they never look any further.
(Looks for a match within the child routes.)
• Note: They only enter if there is a match with the parent-bait.

R 172.16.1.0 [120/1] via 172.16.2.1, 00:00:20, Serial0
DA = 172.16.4.1
RouterB(config)# no ip classless
RouterB#ping 172.26.4.1
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echoes to 172.16.4.1, timeout is 2
seconds:
.....
Success rate is 0 percent (0/5)

R 172.16.1.0 [120/1] via 172.16.2.1, 00:00:20, Serial0
DA = 172.16.4.1
RouterB(config)# ip classless
The Roach Router Motel – There’s a hole!
• ip classless: “The packets get in, and they have a way out.”
• Once the lookup process enters, because of the parent-bait, they can look
further in the routing table if there is no match.
• If there is a match, the process ends, else the process continues looking for a
default or supernet route.
•Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu
Again, they only enter if there is a match with the parent-bait.

R 172.16.1.0 [120/1] via 172.16.2.1, 00:00:20, Serial0
DA = 172.16.4.1
RouterB(config)# ip classless
RouterB#ping 172.16.4.1
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echoes to 172.16.4.1, timeout is 2
seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5),round-trip
min/avg/max=56/57/60 ms
VLSM and Routing Tables
RouterX#show ip route
172.16.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks

C 172.16.3.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0
RouterX#
Parent Route
• Created automatically whenever there is a route with a mask greater
than the classful mask.
• For VLSM routes, the mask is the default classful mask.
Child Routes
• Routes with masks greater than the default classful mask.
• For VLSM routes, each child route has its own mask.

Classful and Classless:
Routing Behavior versus Routing Protocol
Notes:
• Classful or classless routing behavior has nothing to do with
classful or classless routing protocols.
Routing Protocol
• Classful/Classless routing protocols are only concerned about how
the routes get into the table. (Building the routing table.)
Routing Behavior (nothing to do with Routing Protocol)

• Classful/Classless routing behavior has to do with the lookup process
within the routing table AFTER the routes have entered the routing
table. (Looking up routes in the routing table).

The Routing Table Lookup Process
- Understanding ip classless
CCNA/CCNP
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College

Routing Table Look Up Process

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Routing Table Look Up Process

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The Routing Table Lookup Process

• This information and much more is included as two PDF

• Note: There is much more in depth information in the

Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

Routing Behavior (nothing to do with Routing Protocol)

Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

172.16.1.0/24 172.16.3.0/24 172.16.4.0/24

.1 fa0 .1 fa0 .1 fa0

Router A Router B Router C

Gateway of last resort is not set

Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 4

Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 5

Gateway of last resort is not set

C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Serial1

Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 6

Gateway of last resort is not set

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 7

172.16.1.0/24 172.16.3.0/24 172.16.4.0/24

.1 fa0 .1 fa0 .1 fa0

Router A Router B Router C

Parent Route: 172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets

Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 8

Gateway of last resort is not set

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets

Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 9

Gateway of last resort is not set

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 4 subnets

Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 10

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets

Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu 11

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets

Routing Table process matches:

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets

Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets

Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets

172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets

172.16.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks

Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

Routing Behavior (nothing to do with Routing Protocol)

Rick Graziani graziani@cabrillo.edu

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