CARBON STEEL

Classification of carbon steel LOW CARBON STEEL

MEDIUM CARBON STEEL

HIGH CARBON STEEL

Low Carbon Steel

%C 0.3% Relatively soft but the ductility and high toughness Machineable and weldable Has a yield strength 275 Mpa, tensile strength 415-550 Mpa, and elongation 25%

applications

Medium Carbon Steel

0.3 < %C < 0.6 Harder than low carbon steel The tensile strength more than low carbon steel Can be hardened (quenching) Widely used in tempering conditions Not easily formed by machine and difficult to weld

applications

High Carbon Steel

0.6 < %C < 1.7 Most brittle, most strength, and hardest than other carbon steel Has a high heat resistance Low ductility Wear-resistant

applications

AISI-SAE Classification System

AISI XXXX

1st number is the major alloying element 2nd number designates the subgroup alloying element OR the relative percent of primary alloying element last two numbers approximate amount of carbon

The effect of carbon content vs microstructure and mechanical properties

Microstructure of steel with different carbon content

%C 0,05 0,13 0,15 0,20

0,25

0,50

0,62

0,82 1,30

STAINLESS STEEL

Stainless steel is an alloy steel containing a minimum of 12% Cr. Stainless steel including the high alloy steel which has good formability, good toughness at low and high temperatures, has good corrosion resistance properties, also has a sizable creep resistance at high temperatures If carbon is added will add properties Hardness and Strength

elements that affect the stainless steel in the mechanical properties

Carbon (C) Silicon (Si) Manganese (Mn) Nickel (Ni) Chromium (Cr) Molybdenum (Mo)

Stainless steels are also classified by their crystal structure

Austenite, covering 70% of the total production of stainless steel has an fcc crystal structure, containing a maximum of 0.15% carbon, 18% Kromiun, 8% Nickel and Manganese Super Austenite with additional content to 6% Molybdenum Ferritic, containing 10.5% to 27% chromium, very little nickel, Molybdenum, Titanium and Aluminum Martensite, containing 12-14% chromium, 0.2-1% Molybdenum, less than 2% nickel, 0.1-1% carbon Duplex Stainless Steel, containing 19-32% chromium, 5% molybdenum over, and very few contain Nickel

Physical properties of stainless steel

Hard and strong substance Stainless steel is not a good conductor (heat and electricity) Has high strength ductile Most varieties of stainless steel having magnetic permeability Resistant to corrosion. Can not be oxidized easily At very high temperatures, stainless steel is able to maintain strength and resistance to oxidation and corrosion

classification of stainless steels

applications

Kitchen sets

cooking equipment

pipe

CAST IRON

Cast iron is produced from a blend of: iron (Fe) and carbon (C) above 2% (generally up to 4%), and silicon (Si), as well as other elements of its additional. Alloying elements, such as carbon (C), silicon (Si), manganese (Mn), phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S), can affect the physical properties and mechanical properties of cast iron.

Advantages and disadvantages of cast irons

Advantages : good castability (low Tm, good fluidility) good machinability (graphite cast irons) low stress concentration Disadvantages : high brittleness non machinable (white cast iron, chilled cast iron) cold brittleness

types of cast iron

White cast iron

Malleable cast iron

Gray cast iron

Nodular cast iron

white cast iron

All carbon in the form of cementite is very hard and brittle White cast iron is made by pouring molten iron into a metal mold and the set of its chemical composition If it takes a wear-resistant surface (railway wheels, rollers and plates to grind for Stone Crusher), then rapidly cooling or chilled

malleable cast iron

Made with white cast iron heat up again until the Count below the critical temperature or slightly below it, and let the temperature in a long time, so cementite decomposes into ferrite and graphite balls Strength of about 380 MPa to elongation of a maximum of 18% before fracture, resistance to shock loads and good machineability, widely used in the railway industry, automotive, agricultural industrial and pipe fittings Mechanical properties similar like steel

gray cast iron

Microstructure consisting of matrix and graphite The matrix can be in the form of ferrite, pearlite, bainite, martensite, or a mixture of two or more such structures Flake graphite and machineable Mechanical properties: the strength is low, low ductility, can only be formed by casting and machining, low toughness because the graphite flakes Tensile strength gray cast iron ranges from 140 MPa to 415 MPa Gray cast iron is widely used

nodular cast iron

Nodular cast iron is strong and ductile metal, and machineability Almost the same as gray cast iron, only here the form of nodular graphite The round shape of the graphite is obtained by adding a magnesium or cerium to the molten iron just before pouring Mechanical properties: strength, ductility, and toughness is much higher than regular gray cast iron because it has the form of nodular graphite

Classification and properties of cast irons

Types of cast irons
Grey cast iron Spheroidal graphite cast iron Bainitic cast iron Vermicular graphite cast iron Malleable cast iron Wear resistant cast iron Cast steels

Standar Designatio Rm, N/mm2 d n

EN 1561 EN 1563 EN 1564 ISO 16112 EN 1562 EN 12513 EN-GJL EN-GJS EN-GJS ISO 16112/JV EN-GJMW EN-GJMB EN-GJN G-C35 G-XCrNi12 100-450 350-900 800-1400 300-500 270-570 300-800 1000

applications

pullle y

Cranksha ft

Block machine

ALUMINIUM

Aluminium is one of the chemical elements of light metal Pure aluminum is very soft and the strength is not so high, but with the integration and heat treatment can be improved hardness and strength For example, mixed with iron, copper, magnesium, silicon, manganese, and other elements to form a favorable properties.

Advantages of aluminium
Advantages: Is strong, malleable and has a low density Is resistant to corrosion A good conductor of heat and electricity Lightweight Shiny (silver gray metallic), non-toxic, and easy on-extrusion

Aluminium alloy
Types Duralumin Aluminium-silicon Aluminium-magnesium Aluminium-copper Aluminium-zinc Element %
4,4% copper, 1,5% magnesium, 0,6% manganese dan 93,5% and heavy aluminium 15% silicon 15,35% magnesium 5,6% copper 5,5% zinc

Uses of aluminium

Low density and strength make it ideal for construction of aircraft, lightweight vehicles, and ladders An alloy of aluminium called duralumin is often used instead of pure aluminium because of its improved properties Easy shaping and corrosion resistance make it a good material for drink cans and roofing materials Corrosion resistance and low density leads to its use for greenhouses and window frames Good conduction of heat leads to its use for boilers, cookers and cookware Good conduction of electricity leads to its use for overhead power cables hung from pylons (low density gives it an advantage over copper) High reflectivity makes it ideal for mirrors, reflectors and heat resistant clothing for fire fighting

Aluminium production process

reconstituted with NaOh
Al2O3

2NaAlO2 solution

be heated 1150C

Al(OH)3 sediment

be pickled

melted with cryolite

applications

roof frame

ladders

clothes horse

References

http://hapli.wordpress.com/forum-ferro/besi-cor/

http://tehnikmesinindustri.wordpress.com/2010/05/10/baja-karbon/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_steel http://ardra.biz/sain-teknologi/metalurgi/besi-baja-ironsteel/klasifikasi-baja-tahan-korosi-stainless-steel/ http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium

Thank you for your attention