Electrical Machines: General Machine Concepts & Analysis

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SEP 2008 MUSTAFAR KAMAL HAMZAH
Electrical Machines
General Machine Concepts & Analysis
2
(38)
Basic Machine Principles
Conversion of EE to ME vice-versa based
on two phenomena (DC, AC &
Synchronous MC)

Conductor moves in magnetic field induces
voltage
Conductor with current in magnetic field
mechanical forces
3
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Rotor with Commutator and End Frame with Brushes of
Simple Permanent Magnet Machine
4
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Commutator and Brushes of a Large Traction
5
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EE Input ELECTRIC
MACHINES
Electro-Mechanical Energy Conversion (pg 122 PC Sen)
ME Output
Energy Flow
Motor
Generator
6
(38)
Electrical-Mechanical Coupling
ELECTRIC
SYSTEM
Mechanical
SYSTEM
Coupling
Magnetic
Fields
7
(38)
Comparison of Winding
DC Machine
Armature Wdg
Field Wdg
Induction
Machine
Synchronous
Machine
Stator Rotor
Stator Stator
Stator
Rotor
8
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DC Machine Configuration
series
winding
DC
Shunt
winding
DC
shunt
winding
DC
series
winding
DC
shunt
winding
series
winding
DC
shunt
winding
Compound DC Machine
short shunt
long shunt
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Separately Excited DC Generator
(PC Sen pg 146)
R
fc
R
fw
R
a
R
L
e
m
E
a
V
t
I
a
I
t
P
mech
I
f
V
f
f f f
I R V =
a a t a
I R V E + =
m a a
K E e u =
L t t
R I V =
t a
I I =
a a a t
I R E V =
10
(38)
R
fc
R
fw
R
a
R
L
e
m
E
a
V
t
I
a
I
t
P
mech
I
f
V
f
Self-excited SHUNT DC Generator
f f t
I R V =
a a t a
I R V E + =
m a a
K E e u =
L t t
R I V =
f t a
I I I + =
a a a t
I R E V =
11
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Electrical Machines
DC Machine and Their Performance
(Part 2 Motor)
12
(38)
R
fc
R
fw
R
a
e
m
E
a
V
t
I
a
I
t
P
mech
I
f
V
f
SHUNT DC MOTOR
f f t
I R V =
f t a
I I I =
a a a t
I R E V + =
Current Flow
In Generator
a a t m a a
R I V K E = u = e
13
(38)
Separately Excited DC Motor
(PC Sen pg 174)
R
fc
R
fw
R
a
e
m
E
a
V
t
I
a
P
mech
I
f
V
f
a a t a
I R V E =
a a
I K T u =
m a a
K E e u =
14
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Speed Control
Speed control achieved
Armature voltage control (V
t
)

Field Control (| )
Armature resistance control (R
a
)
( )
T
K
R
K
V
a
a
a
t
m
2
u
u
= e
15
(38)
Variable for Speed Control
R
fc
R
fw
R
a
e
m
E
a
V
t
I
a
P
mech
I
f
V
f
Flux Control
Resistance Control
Voltage Control
16
(38)
R
fc
R
fw
R
a
e
m
E
a
V
t
I
a
I
t
P
mech
I
f
V
f
SHUNT DC MOTOR (field control)
f f t
I R V =
f t a
I I I =
a a a t
I R E V + =
a a t m a a
R I V K E = u = e
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(38)
INDUCTION Machines
Theory and Performance
(Construction)
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(38)
INTRODUCTION
Induction machine maybe used both as a motor
and as a generator.
It is most frequently used as a motor being the
workhorse of the industry.
Majority of motors used are squirrel cage
induction motors.
Both three-phase and single-phase motors are
widely used.
The induction generators are seldom used. Their
typical application is in renewable energy
applications.

19
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Single-phase Induction Motor
Terminal box
Shaft
Bearing
housing
End bell
Capacitor
Nameplate
20
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Single-phase Induction Motor (2)
21
(38)
For industrial
applications, the
three-phase
induction motor is
used to drive
machines
Large three-phase
induction motor.
(Courtesy Siemens).
Housing
Motor
Industrial Induction Motors
22
(38)
Stator of a large
induction motor.
(Courtesy Siemens).

Induction Motor Stator
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3 Phase Stator Winding
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Slip Ring Rotor,
Skewed Rotor for Cage Machine
25
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Slip Rings 250 kW 8 Pole Machine
26
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Rotor Details
27
(38)
I
1
jX
m
V
1
R
C
R
2
/s jX
2
I
2
R
1
jX
1
Equivalent Circuit (1u)
28
(38)
I
1
jX
m
V
1
R
C
R
2
/s jX
2
I
2
=0
R
1
jX
1
Equivalent Circuit (o/c)
1 1
// jX R jX R
m c
+ >>
29
(38)
I
1
jX
m
V
1
R
C
R
2
/s jX
2
I
2
=I
1
R
1
jX
1
Equivalent Circuit (s/c)
1 1
// jX R jX R
m c
+ >>
30
(38)
I
1
V
1
R
2
/s jX
2
R
1
jX
1
Equivalent Circuit (s/c)
s
R
R
I
P
R
br
br
'
1
2
1
2
3
+ = =
'
1
2
1
1
2
3
X X
I
V
Z
br
+ = =
2 2
br br
R Z X
br
=
R
1
is determined by
stator resistance
measurement.
31
(38)
I
1
jX
m
V
1
R
C
R
2
/s jX
2
I
2
R
1
jX
1
Approx Equivalent Circuit
I
1
jX
m V
1
R
C R
2
/s
jX
2
I
2
R
1
jX
1
I
u
P
ag
I
1
V
th
R
2
/s
jX
2
I
2
R
th
jX
th
P
ag
thevenin
original
I
1
jX
m V
1
R
2
/s
jX
2
I
2
R
1
jX
1
I
u
P
ag
E
1
approximate
IEEE
32
(38)
Modes of Operation
Operates in three modes;
Motoring
Rotor rotating in direction of stator Magnetic field
Generating
Rotating at speeds higher than magnetic field
Regenerative braking
Plugging
Rotating in opposite direction of magnetic field
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3 Modes of Operation
Plugging
Region
Pull-out Torque
Motoring
Region
Starting Torque
Generator
Region
N
synch
N
synch
N
gen
N
motor
N
plug
34
(38)
There is only one speed where the induction motor does
not develop a torque, synchronous speed
This is because the rotor conductors are not moving
RELATIVE to the stator field. Consequently the have no
voltage and current induced in them at this speed.
The torque always acts in a direction to move the speed
towards synchronous
Positive speed below synchronous speed is motoring operation.
Positive speed above synchronous speed is a generator
Reverse rotation (negative speed) it acts as a brake
Operating Speed Range
35
(38)
Plugging
Region
Motoring
Region
Generator
Region
V
1
=
1
.
0
p
u
V
1
=
0
.
7
0
7
p
u
V1
=
0
.5
p
u
Performance Characteristics (p233)
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(38)
s=1
s=0-5%
s=0
Equations and Conditions
s
R
V
T
th
syn
mech
'
1
2
2
e
~
( )
s
R
X X
V
T
th
th
syn
mech
'
'
1
2
2
2
2
+
~
e
( )
2
2
2
2
'
'
max
X X R
R
S
th th
T
+ +
=
37
(38)
Some Equations (2)
Resistance determine speed
at which maximum torque
occur, hence add resistance
to change
( )
2
2
2
2
'
'
max
X X R
R
S
th th
T
+ +
=
n
R
2
increasing
T
38
(38)
Effects of Rotor Resistance
High starting
torque (load)
N
synch
Low starting
torque (load)

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