BIOSTATISTICS

Dr. Kanchan Chitnis

DEFINITION
Collection, organization, summarization and analysis of data, and Drawing inferences Data derived from biological sciences and medicine is analyzed = Biostatistics

CHARACTERISTICS
Quantitative Discrete Ex: blood cell count Continuous Ex: height, weight Qualitative Nominal Ex: male/female, dead/alive Ordinal Ex: mild/moderate/severe better/same/worse

POPULATION AND SAMPLE

Sample Statistics Mean = x bar SD = s Population Parameters Mean = SD =

Characteristics of representative sample

Precision =Nearness of sample statistics to population parameters, n = 4(sd)2 L2 L= allowable error Problem: Mean pulse rate of population is 70/ min, with SD of 8 beats. Calculate size of sample to verify this if L = +2 beats, and when L = +1 beat.
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Characteristics of representative sample

Control and experimental group must be there if possible

Sample should be unbiased Ex: Survey of prevalence of TB in a well to do locality does not give correct picture

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
Large number of observations, small group intervals Mean + 1 SD limits include 68% of obs Mean + 1.96 SD limits include 95% of obs Mean + 2.58 SD limits include 99% of obs Binomial and Poisson distribution

STANDARD ERROR
Chance variation from sample to sample or from sample to population In any sampling distribution; + 1 SE limits include 68% of obs
+ 1.96 SE limits include 95% of obs + 2.58 SE limits include 99% of obs

This sampling distribution forms the basis of tests of significance

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ESTIMATION OF POPULATION PARAMETER

Point estimate: Single statistic like mean Confidence interval: Range with attached probability Ex: Mean +1.96 SE =95% confidence interval and population mean would lie in that range in 95% cases Any values outside that range are rare, probability of their occurrence by chance is 5% ( p= 0.05)
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TESTING STATISTICAL HYPOTHESES

Null hypothesis (Ho): of no difference Alternate hypothesis (H1): of significant difference Zone of rejection Zone of acceptance

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TYPE I AND TYPE II ERRORS

Type I error ( error): Ho rejected when estimate falls in zone of acceptance of Ho We change level from 5 to 6 to 8 % Serious error Minimize by lowering level of significance Type II ( error): Ho accepted when estimate falls in zone of rejection We change level from 5 to 4 to 3 % Not serious error Needs confirmation by changing level and increasing size of sample

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TO SUMMARIZE
Actual Situation Actual Situation Decision Ho rejected Ho accepted Ho is true Type I error No error Ho is false No error Type II error

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Type II error and Power of a test

= type II error 1- =power of a test = probability that we reject false Ho = we will take correct action when Ho is false

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To determine sample size to control type II errors

n=[(Zo + Z1) /(0 1)]2 Problem

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To determine sample size to estimate means

Size of sample depends on , degree of reliability and desired interval width( d) d= reliability coefficient x SE If sampling is with replacement, d= z /n; n = z2 2/ d2..(1) If sampling is without replacement, n =N z2 2/ d2(N-1)+ z2 2 ..(2)
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Sources of estimates for 2

A pilot sample may be drawn from population and variance computed may be used Estimates may be available from previous studies Problem

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To determine sample size to estimate proportions

p=proportion in population possessing the characteristic of interest q=1-p = not possessing n = z2pq/d2 Problem

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TESTS OF SIGNIFICANCE
Parametric tests Student`s t test Z-test Pearson correlation ANOVA Non parametric tests Chi square Fischer`s exact test Spearman`s r Wicoxon signed rank

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Z test
Z p 1.6 0.1 2.0 2.3 2.6

0.05 0.02 0.01

Sample size more than 30 Problem

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T test
Unpaired t test Experiment and control problem Paired t test Before and after treatment problem

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Chi square test

For discrete data To find association of two events, goodness of fit to theoretical values Problem

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OTHER TESTS of SIGNIFICANCE

Correlation coefficient tells strength of association between two continuous variables Regression coefficient helps to predict change in dependent variable F ratio ( ANOVA) used to compare means of more than 2 samples

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Thank you

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