Cells

Tissues

Organs

Systems

Organism

 How is meiosis different?

 Tumor suppressor genes synthesize growth inhibition proteins p53 Proto-oncogenes stimulate cell growth

Proliferation of Cells
Labile continuous reproduction Stable reproduce slowly until injured Permanent no division

Biologic Aging
Apoptosis Programmed cell death Necrosis Death caused by disease As cells age, functioning decreases
Genetically, telomeres influence cell aging

 All disease occurs

because of cell injury

Either because of the

injury itself or the repair process that follows

Causes of Cell Injury

Hypoxia

Hypoxia
Inadequate oxygenation

Most common cause of cell

injury Usually due to ischemia Causes chemical & acidbase imbalances Reversible if O2 restored or death if not

Causes of Cell Injury

Hypoxia
Direct physical action

Direct Physical Action

Major problems are hemorrhage & ischemia

Causes of Cell Injury

Hypoxia
Direct physical action Ionizing radiation

Ionizing Radiation
Ionizes H2O into H+

& OH-

OH- attaches to DNA

& prevents cell reproduction

DNA mutations

Causes of Cell Injury

Hypoxia
Direct physical action Ionizing radiation

Toxic molecular injury

Toxic Molecular Injury

Dose related

Causes of Cell Injury

Hypoxia
Direct physical action Ionizing radiation

Toxic molecular injury

Microbes

Microbes
Toxins can

interfere with protein synthesis or utilization of O2

Causes of Cell Injury

Hypoxia
Direct physical action Ionizing radiation

Toxic molecular injury

Microbes Inflammatory & immune reactions

Inflammatory & Immune Reactions

Due to cell injury &

then in turn causes injury

Causes of Cell Injury

Hypoxia Direct physical action Ionizing radiation Toxic molecular injury Microbes Inflammatory & immune reactions Nutritional imbalances Genetic defects Aging

 Hydropic change

Mild Cell Injury

Na/K pump damaged

so Na+ increases in the cell & H2O moves in causing swelling

Intracellular Accumulations
Some due to

phagocytosis or other normal physiologic mechanisms

Fat

Cholesterol
Most extensive &

damaging accumulation Atherosclerosis

Protein

Glycogen

Pigments

Adaptations
Change in size Change in number of cells

Change into another type of cell

Atrophy
Decreased size &

function Metabolic processes shut down to conserve energy Due to

decreased demand ischemia

lack of nerve or

hormonal stimulation chronic inflammation

Hypertrophy
Increased size &

functional capacity Due to

hormonal stimulation

increased functional

demand

Hyperplasia
Increase in

number of cells Due to

hormonal

stimulation increased functional demand chronic stress or injury

Dysplasia
Disorderly overgrowth

of cells Premalignant Reversible

Metaplasia
One cell type to another

Reversible

Necrosis
Pathologic cell death
Usually in a collection of cells fed by a single artery

Coagulative Necrosis
Most common

Dead cells form a gellike consistency

No anatomic

disruption so cells or tissues are left with a ghostly outline Infarction most common cause

Liquefactive Necrosis
Dead tissue dissolves

into liquid Dead cells disrupted faster than it can be cleaned up

Caseous Necrosis
TB

cheesy
Cellular detail gone

Fat Necrosis
May due to trauma

Triglycerides digested & free fatty acids precipitate as calcium salts

One type of dystrophic

calcification

Gangrene
Dry
part is dry & shrinks skin wrinkles dark brown or black slow spread line of demarcation form of coagulation necrosis extremities part cold, swollen, pulseless moist, black, & under tension liquefaction occurs foul odor no line of demarcation spreads rapidly death if not stopped organs & extremities

Wet (moist)