America Moves to the City

Theme: In the late nineteenth century, American society was increasingly dominated by large urban centers. Explosive urban growth was accompanied by often disturbing changes, including the New Immigration, crowded slums, new religious outlooks, and conflicts over culture and values. While many Americans were disturbed by the new urban problems, cities also offered opportunities to women and expanded cultural horizons. Theme: African Americans suffered the most as the south lagged behind other regions of the country with regard to educational improvements and opportunities. Two schools of thought emerged as to the best way to handle this problem. Booker T. Washington advocated that blacks should gain knowledge of useful trades. With this would come selfrespect and economic security Washington avoided the issue of social equality. W.E.B. Du Bois demanded complete equality for blacks, both social as well as economic.

I. Rise of the City

A. Emigration from farms
1. 2. New technologies
a. J. Sullivan, electricity, telephones, suburbs

Appealing lifestyle for some but not others

a.

b.

Shopping and impact of consumerism Slums, dumbbell tenement, flophouses

B.

New Immigration, 1880s

1. Characteristics
a. Southern and Eastern Europe American Fever and persecution birds of passage

b.
c.

II. Reactions to Immigration

A. B. C. Bosses exploitation Nativism
1. 2. 1. 2. APA and organized labor Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 Christian Socialists Middle class targeted urban poor Female reformers pioneered social work as well as other urban employment Moody, Cardinal Gibbons, Mary Baker Eddy, YMCA Roman Catholic and Judaism gained strength Conflict over evolution divided Protestants Chicago
Jane Adams Florence Kelley

New York
W. Rauschenbusch Lillian Weld Florence Kelley

Social reformers

3.

Ohio
Washington Gladdens social gospel

D.

Religion adjusted to changes

1.

2.
3.

III. Cultural Challenges

Timeline of American Sports
Pre-1850s:
Cricket, Boxing, Horseracing, and walking races 1850s: Americas Cup, Harvard-Yale Regatta (crew), Rugby in England, Montreal lacrosse, Sheffield Soccer, Baseball in NYC, Australian Rule Football in Melbourne, Horse Racing 1860s: Open Championship (golf), skijumping (Norway), 1870s: Football in New Jersey, Wimbledon 1880s: 1st World Series (baseball)

A.

Compulsory, public-funded Education

1.
2.

Public education
a. a. Booker T v. Dubois Normal Schools and Morrill & Hatch Acts

University boom

B.

Increased literacy
1. 2. 3. Accessible libraries Sensationalist newspapers Reform-minded magazines
a. b. Edwin Godkin (Nation) Henry Georges land tax!

C. D.

Urbanization stresses families

1. Family statistics reverse

Battle for Social Progress

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Womens suffrage and NAWSA
a. E.C. Stanton, C.C.Catt, I.B. Wells

1890s:

French Open (tennis), Stanley Cup (Hockey), Olympic Games, 1900: Rose Bowl (college football), Tour de France, NCAA formed,

Middle class temperance fears Clara Barton and Red Cross The Realism of Art and Music The rise of Big Business Entertainment

Putting Things in Order

(Put the following events in correct order by numbering them 1 to 5)
1. _____ Well-educated young midwesterner moves to Chicago slums and creates a vital center of social reform and activism 2. _____ Introduction of a new form of high-rise slum housing drastically increases the overcrowding of the urban poor 3. _____ Nativist organization is formed to limit the New Immigration and attack Roman Catholicism 4. _____ The formation of a new national organization signals growing strength for the womens suffrage movement 5. _____ A western territory becomes the first U.S. government to grant full voting rights to women

Answers
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 4 2 3 5 1