LiFi

HISTORY
GrahamBell(1880) Photophone Carl Zeiss Jena developed light speaking device. Invention of Lasers revolutionized free sapce optics in 1960. Gfeller (1978) Wireless communication using optical spectrum Nakagawa laboratory (2003)- Transmission with LeDs.

 VLCC establishment in 2003 Jan 2010 : researchers from Siemens and Fraunhofer Institute of Telecomm. demonstrated transmission at 500mbps December 2010 : St. Cloud Minnesota July 2011 : live demonstration was presented

VLC
COMPARISON OVER IR COMPARISON OVER RF WHY LIFI?

Infrared Communication
Infrared: Used in devices such as notebook computers, television remote controls and even some newer mobile phones Infrared Data Association (IrDA) has standardized over 30 specifications VLC over IR Narrow beam of VLC over IR Less opportunity for eavesdropping Decrease in adjacent device interference beam blocked from illuminating more than one device at once.

 Installation Easier and cost effective Obstruction VLC : Less obstruction LOS component dominates thus effect of multipath is small Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) High SNR obtainable in VLC as a consequence of the illumination requirements.

 Power Efficiency VLC eliminates severe power efficiency loss Safety IR causes potential visual safety problems

OVER RF
RADIO FREQUENCY
Wide usage in WLAN networks Compromise information, interfere with sensitive equipment

VLC over RF Health Concerns RF : radiation damage VLC : no health concerns, no safety regulations Carbon-dioxide footprint VLC : Significantly reduced due to its low energy consumption

 Radio wave interference

VLC : no interference with RF based systems exist

Communication link
VLC: has better channel condition than Radio Frequency (RF)

Frequency allocation
VLC : Doesnt have any frequency allocation issues present in RF

Bandwidth
VLC: Is not limited

Why Li-Fi?
Visible Light Communication is not regulated

 Visible light LED will be used everywhere

The extensive use of LEDs render- an ideal ubiquitous data transmitter

 Image sensors can be used as receivers

Accurate direction of incoming vector Aids in applications where RF cannot be deployed

What is Li-Fi?

 Visible Light Communication through LEDs.

Send data by flashing light at speeds-0s &1s Data rates upto 500Mbps

Employs semiconductor devices containing a photodiode.

 Key aspect : Intensity modulation Termed as directdetection Light Source Optical Access Point Employs OFDM

Methods of VLC

METHOD I

METHOD II

Principles of communication using image sensor

WHITE LEDs
Long life span High lighting efficacy and color rendering index Easy installation. Low heat productivity. Low maintenance cost Energy saving High safety Start immediately. No light pollution Low light decay. Green initiative. Fast response

TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE SYSTEM DESIGN

Typical Block Diagram of a VLC system

Modulation/ Demodulation Techniques

Optical Carrier Schemes:
Optical coherent receivers: Detect the optical carrier phase. Require a local oscillator, optical mixer and optical filter. LEDs emit incoherent light, signal power is very less. Viable modulation is intensity modulation (IM). Practical down-conversion technique is direct detection (DD), much simpler to implement than coherent detection.

Electrical Modulation Techniques

On-Off keying(OOK) , Pulse Position Modulation(PPM)
widely used in RF and IR communication systems

Multipath delay Channel delay spread(ISI) limits data rate to 10Mbps To overcome - additional receiver complexity Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM) Inherent robustness of OFDM against multipath effects Support high data rates without the need for complex channel equalizers Offers high bandwidth efficiency Can easily combine with TDMA and FDMA

OFDM
Wireless data transmission technology Carrier centers are put on orthogonal frequencies

ORTHOGONALITY - The peak of each signal coincides with trough of other signals

Modulation

Subcarriers are spaced by f=1/Ts Total passband bandwidth will be B Nf (Hz)

STANDARDIZATION EFFORTS
Visible Light Communications Consortium(VLCC) Purpose : To realize safe, ubiquitous telecommunication system using visible light through the activities of market research, promotion, and standardization. Two standards introduced by VLCC(2008): To avoid fragmentation of proprietary protocols 1. JEITA CP-1221 : Mainly used for transmitting information on identification and arbitrary data. 2. JEITA CP-1222 : Differs from JEITA CP-1221 in that it is supposed to be only used for communication purposes and is slightly more specific in its suggestions.

 IEEE standard - 802.15.7 (2011):

IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks Was developed by Task Group 7 (TG7) Proposes PHY/MAC Specification

Fig : IEEE 802.15.7 Standard Specification of MAC and PHY layers

ApplicationsPersonal Area Communication

Download of needed information for digital signage applications

IrDA and VLCC have been working together since Sept 2008 for a visible light communication using IrDA protocol stacks

 100 Mbps Full-duplex multi-access VLC system

Implemented at Nakagawa Laboratory, Japan Based on 100 Mbps infrared LAN system (Standard proposed by ICSA of ARIB)

 High-Speed Parallel Wireless VLC system using 2D Image Sensor and LED Transmitter
By Keio University and Sony Kihara Laboratory

 Communication using LED spotlight

Hikari Guide System by Shimizu Corporation, Japan

 Visible light information broadcast system

Prototype made by NEC and Matsushita Electric Works, members of VLCC

 Application of VLC to ITS(Intelligent Transport System)

By VLCC and The Japan Traffic management Technology Asstn

 Information broadcast system using LED traffic lights

The Nippon Signal Co.Ltd and VLCC

 Multiple transmission using multiple colors

Joint project of Keio University and JVC

Sound Spot

Applications that enable users to know their locations in accuracy of several meters
Global location service that uses VLC
Prototype made by NEC and Matushita Electric Works

 Flow planning survey system for a store

Nakagawa laboratories , Inc

 Flow planning survey system for a store

 Three dimensional position measuring system using VLC

Applications of location determination(in several millimeter accuracy)

 Accurate position detection of a transmitter or a receiver

Applications that use augmented reality

Augmented Reality of real world image added with personal info

 Lighthouse VLC

Applications where radio waves cannot be used

Underwater VLC
By Rise, Nakagawa lab, Inc, Keio university, Oct 2010

LiFi Consortium
Non-profit organization devoted to introduce optical wireless technology. Charter members : a leading group of international technology companies and research institutions in optical communication technology. Purposes: Promote optical wireless communications up to the multigigabit range Inform potential implementers of the companies and resources available to help them achieve their product goals Create whole solutions in anticipation of customer needs Coordinate with standardization groups and other industry

Wireless communication using visible light will change how we live, how we work, and how we communicate. It offers users virtually unlimited communication capability. Being a ultra high-speed, high security, biologically friendly communications network it can allow the creation and expansion of seamless computing applications using very large bandwidth high-frequency pulsed light instead of radiowaves and microwaves. In the near future, this technology is predicted to revolutionize the commtn system being affordable and contention free. Thank you.