Nonlinear Programming

Chapter 10

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Chapter Topics
Nonlinear Profit Analysis Constrained Optimization Solution of Nonlinear Programming Problems with Excel Nonlinear Programming Model with Multiple Constraints Nonlinear Model Examples

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Overview
Problems that fit the general linear programming format but contain nonlinear functions are termed nonlinear programming (NLP) problems.

Solution methods are more complex than linear programming methods.

Determining an optimal solution is often difficult, if not impossible. Solution techniques generally involve searching a solution surface for high or low points requiring the use of advanced mathematics.

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Optimal Value of a Single Nonlinear Function Basic Model

Profit function, Z, with volume independent of price: Z = vp - cf - vcv where v = sales volume p = price cf = unit fixed cost cv = unit variable cost
Add volume/price relationship: v = 1,500 - 24.6p

Figure 10.1 Linear Relationship of Volume to Price

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Optimal Value of a Single Nonlinear Function

With fixed cost (cf = $10,000) and variable cost (cv = $8): Profit, Z = 1,696.8p - 24.6p2 - 22,000

Figure 10.2 The Nonlinear Profit Function

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Optimal Value of a Single Nonlinear Function Maximum Point on a Curve

The slope of a curve at any point is equal to the derivative of the curves function.
The slope of a curve at its highest point equals zero.

Figure 10.3 Maximum profit for the profit function

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Optimal Value of a Single Nonlinear Function Solution Using Calculus

Z = 1,696.8p - 24.6p2 - 2,000
dZ/dp = 1,696.8 - 49.2p =0

p = 1696.8/49.2
= $34.49 v = 1,500 - 24.6p

v = 651.6 pairs of jeans

Z = $7,259.45

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Figure 10.4

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Constrained Optimization in Nonlinear Problems Definition

A nonlinear problem containing one or more constraints becomes a constrained optimization model or a nonlinear programming (NLP) model. A nonlinear programming model has the same general form as the linear programming model except that the objective function and/or the constraint(s) are nonlinear. Solution procedures are much more complex and no guaranteed procedure exists for all NLP models.

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Constrained Optimization in Nonlinear Problems Graphical Interpretation (1 of 3)

Effect of adding constraints to nonlinear problem:

Figure 10.5 Nonlinear Profit Curve for the Profit Analysis Model
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Constrained Optimization in Nonlinear Problems Graphical Interpretation (2 of 3)

Figure 10.6 A Constrained Optimization Model

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Constrained Optimization in Nonlinear Problems Graphical Interpretation (3 of 3)

Figure 10.7
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Constrained Optimization in Nonlinear Problems Characteristics

Unlike linear programming, solution is often not on the

boundary of the feasible solution space.

Cannot simply look at points on the solution space boundary but must consider other points on the surface of the objective

function.
This greatly complicates solution approaches. Solution techniques can be very complex.

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Western Clothing Problem Solution Using Excel (1 of 3)

Exhibit 10.1
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Western Clothing Problem Solution Using Excel (2 of 3)

Exhibit 10.2
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Western Clothing Problem Solution Using Excel (3 of 3)

Exhibit 10.3
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Beaver Creek Pottery Company Problem Solution Using Excel (1 of 6)

Maximize Z = $(4 - 0.1x1)x1 + (5 - 0.2x2)x2

subject to: x1 + 2x2 = 40

Where: x1 = number of bowls produced x2 = number of mugs produced 4 0.1X1 = profit ($) per bowl 5 0.2X2 = profit ($) per mug

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Beaver Creek Pottery Company Problem Solution Using Excel (2 of 6)

Exhibit 10.4
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Beaver Creek Pottery Company Problem Solution Using Excel (3 of 6)

Exhibit 10.5
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Beaver Creek Pottery Company Problem Solution Using Excel (4 of 6)

Exhibit 10.6
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Beaver Creek Pottery Company Problem Solution Using Excel (5 of 6)

Exhibit 10.7
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Beaver Creek Pottery Company Problem Solution Using Excel (6 of 6)

Exhibit 10.8
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Western Clothing Company Problem Solution Using Excel (1 of 4)

Maximize Z = (p1 - 12)x1 + (p2 - 9)x2

subject to: 2x1 + 2.7x2 6,000 3.6x1 + 2.9x2 8,500 7.2x1 + 8.5x2 15,000
where: x1 = 1,500 - 24.6p1 x2 = 2,700 - 63.8p2 p1 = price of designer jeans p2 = price of straight jeans

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Western Clothing Company Problem Solution Using Excel (2 of 4)

Exhibit 10.9
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Western Clothing Company Problem Solution Using Excel (3 of 4)

Exhibit 10.10
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Western Clothing Company Problem Solution Using Excel (4 of 4)

Exhibit 10.11
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Facility Location Example Problem Problem Definition and Data (1 of 2)

Centrally locate a facility that serves several customers or other facilities in order to minimize distance or miles traveled (d) between facility and customers. di = sqrt[(xi - x)2 + (yi - y)2] Where:

(x,y) = coordinates of proposed facility (xi,yi) = coordinates of customer or location facility i

Minimize total miles d = diti Where: di = distance to town i ti =annual trips to town i
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Facility Location Example Problem Problem Definition and Data (2 of 2)

Town Abbeville Benton Clayton Dunnig Eden

Coordinates x y 20 20 10 35 25 9 32 15 10 8

Annual Trips 75 105 135 60 90

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Facility Location Example Problem Solution Using Excel

Exhibit 10.12
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Facility Location Example Problem Solution Map

Figure 10.8 Rescue Squad Facility Location

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Investment Portfolio Selection Example Problem Definition and Model Formulation (1 of 2)

Objective of the portfolio selection model is to:

minimize some measure of portfolio risk (variance in the return on investment)

while achieving some specified minimum return on the total portfolio investment.

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Investment Portfolio Selection Example Problem Definition and Model Formulation (2 of 2)

Minimize S = x12s12 + x22s22 + +xn2sn2 + xixjrijsisj ij where: S = variance of annual return of the portfolio xi,xj = the proportion of money invested in investments i or j si2 = the variance for investment i rij = the correlation between returns on investments i and j si,sj = the std. dev. of returns for investments i and j subject to: r1x1 + r2x2 + + r nxn r m x1 + x2 + xn = 1.0 where: ri = expected annual return on investment i r m = the minimum desired annual return from the portfolio
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Investment Portfolio Selection Example Problem Solution Using Excel (1 of 5)

Stock (xi) Altacam Bestco Com.com Delphi Annual Return (ri) .08 .09 .16 .12 Variance (si) .009 .015 .040 .023
Correlation (rij) .4 .3 .6 .2 .7 .4
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Stock combination (i,j) A,B A,C A,D B,C B,D C,D

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Investment Portfolio Selection Example Problem Solution Using Excel (2 of 5)

Four stocks, desired annual return of at least 0.11. Minimize Z = S = x12(.009) + x22(.015) + x32(.040) + X42(.023) + x1x2 (.4)(.009)1/2(0.015)1/2 + x1x3(.3)(.009)1/2(.040)1/2 + x1x4(.6)(.009)1/2(.023)1/2 + x2x3(.2)(.015)1/2(.040)1/2 + x2x4(.7)(.015)1/2(.023)1/2 + x3x4(.4)(.040)1/2(.023)1/2 + x2x1(.4)(.015)1/2(.009)1/2 + x3x1(.3)(.040)1/2 + (.009)1/2 + x4x1(.6)(.023)1/2(.009)1/2 + x3x2(.2)(.040)1/2(.015)1/2 + x4x2(.7)(.023)1/2(.015)1/2 + x4x3(.4)(.023)1/2(.040)1/2 subject to: .08x1 + .09x2 + .16x3 + .12x4 0.11 x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 1.00 xi 0
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Investment Portfolio Selection Example Problem Solution Using Excel (3 of 5)

Exhibit 10.13
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Investment Portfolio Selection Example Problem Solution Using Excel (4 of 5)

Exhibit 10.14
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Investment Portfolio Selection Example Problem Solution Using Excel (5 of 5)

Exhibit 10.15
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Hickory Cabinet and Furniture Company Example Problem and Solution (1 of 2)

Model: Maximize Z = $280x1 - 6x12 + 160x2 - 3x22 subject to: 20x1 + 10x2 = 800 board ft. Where: x1 = number of chairs x2 = number of tables

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Hickory Cabinet and Furniture Company Example Problem and Solution (2 of 2)

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