Unit IX: Magnetism

 Magnets
 Magnetic field
 Electromagnets
 Dc motor
 Hall effect
 Magnetic induction
 Ac generator
 Transformer
The magnetic force

A free suspended magnet

line up with the Earth’
north-south line
Navigational compass like
this since 11th century
A compass is a small
magnet that can points the
direction by aligning its
needle under the presence
of the magnetic force of the
earth.
The Magnet

Compass woks because :

• The Earth is like a giant
magnet
• It has two magnetic poles
a north pole, a south pole
• Its magnetic north pole is
nearly aligned with the
south geographical pole of
the Earth
 Rules of magnetic force

• There are only two magnetic poles:

north pole and south pole
• Like poles repel, unlike poles attract

• In magnetic substance,
like iron, each atom is
a small magnet
• A larger magnetic
force is produced
when these tiny
magnet are aligned in
the same direction
Magnetic fields

Existence of magnetic
fields:
• Magnets attract small iron
particles
• Compass needle rotates
with the Earth poles
 The magnetic field is
stronger at the pole
 The direction pointing by
the trace of magnetic
needle: magnetic field
lines
 Magnetic field created by a wire
carrying current

• A wire carrying current can create a magnetic

field.
• The direction of such created field is determined
by right hand rule.
 Electromagnets

• The magnetic force can be increased if the wire is coiled, or solenoid.

• The direction of such created field is determined by right hand rule
• Putting an iron bar into the coil strengthens the magnet even more.
• This is a simple electromagnet.
The strength of an electromagnet can be enhanced by
• Increasing the number of turn of the coil
• Increasing the current intensity
 Current: The source of all magnetism

(a) In the planetary model of the atom, an electron orbits a nucleus,

forming a closed current loop and creating a magnetic field with a
north and south pole.
 Current: The source of all magnetism

(b) Electrons have spin and can be crudely pictured as rotating charge,
forming a current that produces a magnetic field with a north and south
pole.
Circuit breaker
 The circuit breaker is a typical application of the
electromagnet. The electromagnet can create a
strong magnetic field. The electromagnet of the circuit
breaker is usually not strong enough to attract the iron
bolt under the normal current range. However, if there
is a fault which causes a current surge, the iron bolt is
pulled out of the plunger by the electromagnet.
Hence, the circuit is broken.
Magnetic force on current-carrying
wire
F

Fleming’s left-hand (motor) rule

F is proportional to I, B and l
 Magnetic force on current-carrying
wire

(a) (b) (c)

 The magnetic field B (directed into the plane) exerts a force on the
current- carrying wires.
(a) I=0, (b) I upward, (c) I downward.
 The magnetic force on wire carrying current is the basis for dc motor.
 The motor principle

a rectangular loop carrying a current I, in the presence of a

uniform magnetic field B. The force on both side of a will be
cancelled.
The magnitude of force on the sides b is not zero. They are the
same magnitude but opposite in direction.
These two forces will produce a torque about O that rotates the
loop clockwise.
 The motor principle

•When the coil at vertical, the current should change its

direction, the coil continue to turn.
•A split ring ensures that the current flow changes
direction at the right time.
•This is the principle of a dc motor.
 Hall effect
Principle
The magnetic force creates the separation of charge
in nonmetallic conductor, which builds up until it is
balanced by the electric force, an equilibrium that is
quickly reached.

ε = Blv
Blood velocity Measurement
The blood tube is a
conductor-carrying vessel

E = Blv
E is the emf in volts,
B is the magnetic strength
in Tesla (T)
l =2a is the vessel’s
diameter in m
 Doppler ultrasound
The frequency shift of the reflected ultrasound :

2 fv cos θ
∆f =
c
Where f is the source
frequency, v the speed
of the moving blood,
and c is the speed of
sound in the tissue.

By measuring the frequency shift ∆ f, the average speed of the blood can
be calculate.
 Comparison of Blood Velocity Measurement
The electromagnetic and ultrasound techniques are two most used
methods for the the measurement of the blood flow rate..
• The features of ultrasound technique are as follows:
•In clinical application, it is most frequently utilized to detect
the presence or location of blood flow rather than to measure its
magnitude accurately
•The frequency shift is in the audio range and is made audible
with loudspeaker.
•The popularity of the magnetic technique is the result of the
following factors:
•Utilized normally during surgical procedures in which blood
vessels are exposed .
•Producing accuracies up to 5%
•Accommodation of blood vessels of diameters from 1mm to
20 mm
Electromagnetic Induction: Phenomena

Phenomena of electric induction

We have learned :
•A current-carrying wire in a magnetic field will
experience a force,
•A current loop in a magnetic field will experience a torque
How about a torque in a magnetic field to create a current?
The answer is YES.

The induction phenomena deals with the creation of an

electric current (or electro-motif force emf) in a loop by
varying the magnetic fields. (either direction or magnitude).
 Electromagnetic Induction: 1st
experiment

A moving magnet can induce an current in a loop even

there is no battery in the loop.
 Electromagnetic Induction: 2nd
experiment

The current meter registers a current in the left hand loop

just as the switch S is closed or opened. No motion of the
coils is involved.
 Electromagnetic Induction: 3nd
experiment

A current is induced when the rod moves to the right in a

uniform constant magnetic field.
Electromagnetic Induction: Faraday’s
law
 Faraday’s law of induction
An potential difference can be induced in a loop, if there
is a change of
 magnetic field
 loop area
 angle between magnetic field and loop
∆( BA cos θ )
ε =−
∆t

BA cos θ is called mangetic flux.

 Magnetic flux

B BA cos θ
θ  represents the product of a area A with the
perpendicular component of a magnetic field B
A passing through it.
 θ is the angle between the direction of the magnetic
field B and the normal the area A.
 The unit of magnetic flux is T ·m2
Electromagnetic Induction: Lenz law

 Lenz law
An induced current has a direction such
that it induces a magnetic field which
opposes the changes in the magnetic flux
i.e. BA cos θ
 The Generation of Alternative
Current
Faraday’s law is the basis of
an ac current generation

∆
ε = − BA (cos θ ) = BAω sin θ
∆t
In order to generate ac currents
• not necessary to move magnet,
• rotation of a coil of wire
between poles of magnet
The induced potential difference (or current) is increased, if
- the coil rotate faster, - the area of the coil is increased,
- there are more turns on the coil,
- the strength of the magnet is increased
Simple ac generator
• It has a fixed magnet and a
rotating coil
• Coil connected to a conducting
ring
• The conducting rings rotate
together with coil
• The rings come into contact with
two fixed carbon brushes

As the coil turns, the induced

voltage changes direction for
each half turn of the coil, this
creates an alternating current
 Energy Transmission
How a household circuit wired?
Electricity produced in power stations is first step-up to
high voltage (> 10 kV) by a transformer and delivered to local
area through high tension cable towers.
A transformer later step-down the voltage to domestic
level (rms 220 V in Hong Kong).
 Power transmission requirements

For safety reason, low voltages are required at both

generating end and receiving end in an energy transmission.

•energy loss I2R in the transmission line

•output power is IV,
•in order to minimize I, we have to rise V during
transmission.

The device with which we can rise and lower the voltage is
called the transformer.
transformer
 The Transformer Principle

• There is a current in the 2nd coil only as the switch is on

or off in the 1st coil.
• A changing magnetic field in a fixed coil will induce a
current in a second fixed coil.
• The iron core provide a magnetic link between the two
coil.
 Transformers

They use magnetic link between two coils to step-up or step-

down alternating voltage:
•primary coil must uses alternating current,
•which produces a changing magnetic field in the iron core
•an alternating current induced in the secondary coil
•Transformer works with ac current only
Rule of voltage transformation

•V1 and V2 are the primary and secondary voltages,

•N1 and N2 are number of turns on primary and secondary coils

Rule of current transformation

•I1 and I2 are the primary and secondary currents,

•N1 and N2 are number of turns on primary and secondary coils
Example: A transformer is designed to step-down 230 V to 11.5 V.
There are 1000 turns of wire on the primary coil. Calculate
1) the number of turns on the secondary coil
2) For a input current of 0.01 A, what is the output current?

1) V1 V2 230 11.5
= ∴ =
N1 N 2 1000 N 2

N2= 50 Turns

2)
I1 N1 = I 2 N 2 ∴ 0.01 ⋅1000 = I 2 ⋅ 50

I2=0.2 A