Chapter 3 Argument

Argument

Introduction
The

Essential Ingredients of an Argument Persuasion vs. Argument Aristotles Rhetoric Toulmins model of argumentation
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At the end of this chapter, you should able to : Know what is argument? Identify Aristotles Rhetoric Understand Toulmins model of argumentation Know the difference between Persuasion vs. Argument

Argument

 An

argument involves the process of establishing a claim and then proving it with the use of logical reasoning, examples, and research. When people think of an argument, they usually think of a fight between two people (theyre having an argument).

Argument

The Essential Ingredients of an Argument

An issue open to debate Your position on the issue Your reasons for that position Evidence to support your reason
Experience, expert opinion, research and statistics

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 Persuasion

and argument are often used interchangeably

is a broad term, which includes many tactics designed to move people to a position, a belief, or a course of action is a specific kind of persuasion based on the principles of logic and reasoning
Argument

Persuasion

Argument

In everyday life
Appealing a grade, asking for a raise, applying for a job, negotiating the price of a new car, arguing in traffic court

In academic life
Defending your ideas, engaging intellectual debate

On the job
Getting people to listen to your ideas, winning buy-in, getting your boss to notice, getting cooperation, moving people to action

In writing
Irrefutably making your point, writing to be read

In reading and listening

Critically evaluating others arguments, protecting yourself from unethical persuasive tactics, recognizing faulty reasoning when you see it.

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Rhetoric:
The art of discovering all the available means of persuasion
*Notice the positive connotations of the term in Aristotles theory vs. the negative connotations often associated with the term rhetoric nowadays.

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The 3 Types of Artistic Appeals Logos Pathos Ethos

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Logos are appeals to logic.

In using logos, the rhetorician appeals to the audiences rational side. Logos involves building arguments through evidence, inferring logical conclusions from the evidence.
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 Aristotle However,

was a firm believer in logic.

he was enough of a realist to recognize that humans are emotional beings who make decisions based, in part, upon emotion. Aristotle acknowledged that a rhetorician would be neglecting some of the available means of persuasion if the rhetorician did not also appeal to the audiences emotion.
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Thus,

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Pathos are appeals to emotion With pathetic appeals, the rhetorician attempts to move the audience by tapping into their emotional side. Often, pathos involves appealing to the audiences sense of empathy, compassion, sympathy, pride or even anger or outrage.
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Ethos are arguments or statements made by the rhetorician that are designed to build his or her credibility with the audience With ethical appeals, the rhetorician ingratiates himself with an audience-and thereby gains their trust and admiration--if he manages to create the impression that he is a person of intelligence, benevolence, and probity (Corbett and Connors, authors of Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student).
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Stephen Toulmin, originally a British logician, is now a professor at USC. He became frustrated with the inability of formal logic to explain everyday arguments, which prompted him to develop his own model of practical reasoning.

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Claim (assertion or proposition)

Grounds (proof, grounds, support) Warrant (inferential leap)

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A claim is the point an arguer is trying to make. The claim is the conclusion, proposition, or assertion an arguer wants another to accept. The claim answers the question, "So what is your point?

example: Rosario is an American citizen, because she was born in the United States. example: Barack Obama doesnt wear a flag pin on his lapel, so he must not be patriotic.

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Grounds refers to the proof or evidence an arguer offers. Grounds can consist of statistics, quotations, reports, findings, physical evidence, or various forms of reasoning

example: Im a vegetarian. One reason is that I feel sorry for the animals. Another reason is for my own health. example: I made the dinner, so you can do the dishes.

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The warrant is the inferential leap that connects the claim with the grounds. The warrant is typically implicit (unstated) and requires the listener to recognize the connection between the claim and grounds The implicit nature of warrants means the meaning of an argument is as much a part of the receiver as it is a part of the message. Some arguments are multi-warranted, e.g., based on more than one inferential leap

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An argument is an attempt to persuade someone of something, by giving reasons for accepting a particular conclusion as evident. The general structure of an argument in a natural language is that of premises (typically in the form of propositions, statements or sentences) in support of a claim: the conclusion.

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 Questions?

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Note taking

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