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Mobile Communications Department

16th May ~ 3rd June 2011

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Mobile Communications Department

MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

1921

Personnel of the Detroit Police Department's radio bureau, began experimentation with a band near 2 MHz for vehicular mobile service. On April 7, 1928 the Department commenced regular one-way radio communication with its patron cars. The system established the practicality of land-mobile radio for police work and led to its adoption throughout the country. Channels in this low-frequency band soon became crowded. The police department in Bayonne, New Jersey initiated regular two-way communications with its patrol cars, a major advance over previous one-way systems. The very high frequency system placed transmitters in patrol cars to enable patrolmen to communicate with headquarters and other cars instead of just receiving calls. Two-way police radio became standard throughout the country following the success of the Bayonne initiative.

1933

Mobile Communications Department

1940.

New frequencies allocated between 30-40 MHz leads to substantial buildup of police radio systems. A major advance in police radio occurred when the Connecticut State Police began operating a two-way, frequency modulated (FM) system in Hartford. The statewide system developed by Daniel E. Noble of the University of Connecticut and engineers at the Fred M. Line Company greatly reduced static, the main problem of the amplitude modulated (AM) system. FM mobile radio became standard throughout the country following the success of the Connecticut initiative. FCC allocates some 40 MHz of spectrum in range between 30 and 500 MHz for a host of mobile services for private individuals, companies, and public agencies.. Bell System embarked on a program of supplying "public correspondence systems" (communication among a variety of users provided by a common carrier). FCC classified these services as Domestic Public Land Mobile Radio Service (DPLMRS). First Bell, "urban" DPLMRS inaugurated in St. Louis -- three channels near 150 MHz, manually patched). A 35 to 44 MHz "highway" system between New York and Boston is inaugurated. It was thought that these frequencies would carry further along highways. This was all too true: due to atmospheric skip, unwanted conversations were carried across country. First manually patched 450 MHz service.
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1940...

Late 1940's

1946

1947

1956

Mobile Communications Department

Note

All of these aforementioned services employed push-to-talk (PTT ) operation -i.e. radio is half duplex which is unfamiliar and awkward for ordinary phone users -- and required operator intervention to place a call. In fact, most of these services were not directly part of the PSTN at all, and involved a radio channel patched into a phone line. First automatic 150 MHz service (called MJ). Free channel is automatically assigned. System was full duplex and customers could do their own dialing. First automatic 450 MHz service (called MK). Extended MJ to new band. Taken together these two services became the ITMS (Improved Mobile Telephone Service) -- the standard until the develop of AMPS.

1964

1969

Late 1970's

In spite of the fact that mobile service was, indeed, a scarce luxury, the demand for service was rising rapidly.
FCC debates frequency allocation to common carriers. In 1974 it approved the underlying concepts of wireless cellular phone service and allocated for this purpose 666 duplex (two-way) channels in the 800 - 900 MHz frequency range. authorization granted to Illinois Bell in 1978.
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1970-77

Mobile Communications Department

1978

Field trials: AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) trials begin (850 MHz) in Chicago and ARTS (American Radio Telephone Service) in Washington DC. World Administrative Radio Conference sets up research group to define a common international standard. Leads to Group Speciale Mobile (GSM) in 1982 NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone System) enters public service in Sweden. Developed by Ericsson using frequencies in the 450 to 470 band. Initial deployment of AMPS cellular system.

1979

1981

1984

1993

Responding to a spectacular and unexpected rising demand for wireless services, Congress, in the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, mandated that the FCC reallocate portions of the electro-magnetic spectrum for "personal communication" and authorized the FCC to employ competitive bidding procedures in awarding licenses for the use of these new spectral resources. The mandate had several objectives, not the least of which was raising revenue to help balance the federal budget. Furthermore, competitive bidding was deemed to be the most effective means to expedite the licensing process and to open up opportunities for beneficial competition
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Mobile Communications Department

There were several significant problems in the design and operation of the ITMS which spawned a major reassessment of the architecture of mobile communication. The most significant problem was that a single transmitter was required for all calls. The power of that transmitter had to be quite large (up to 500 W effective radiated power) and located at high elevation. Such a system ensures coverage as far as 20 to 25 miles from the transmitter site. Although the signal level may be poor beyond 25 miles, it is still high enough to interfere significantly with other mobile communications at the same frequency within 60 to 100 miles.
Further the bandwidth of the single transmitter determined the total number of users -- a number which could not support the service (10 to 20 times the price of normal phone service). Characteristics and design goals of AMPS: Spatial locality: The 800 MHz band is interesting since it provides a compromise between spatial locality and a good degree of propagation into buildings (a problem at microwave frequencies). Choice of this frequency resolves the long range (up to 200 miles) interference problems observed in the 1947 highway system. Frequency utilization: The early systems locked each unit to a particular frequency or a small set of frequency and, thus, the sacred switching principle of trunking is violated. Trunking allows any user to use any available channel to avoid blocking and to insure optimal channel utilization. The advent of the cellular concept (1947, D. H. Ring of AT&T Bell Laboratories) was a crucial contribution in the development of mobile communication.As cell size decreases traffic carrier capacity increases. Cell start big and split as system grows .
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Mobile Communications Department

History of GSM
1982 Groupe Speciale Mobile (GSM) is formed by the Confederation of European Posts and Telecommunications (CEPT) to design a pan-European mobile technology 1984 GSM Project endorsed by the European Commission 1985 France, Italy, U.K. and West Germany sign a joint development agreement for GSM 1986 EU Heads of State agree to reserve 900MHz spectrum band for GSM 1987 Basic parameters of the GSM standard agreed in February. GSM Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) formed, comprising 15 members from 13 countries committed to deploying GSM Pan European Digital Conference (PEDC) held in London, U.K. (later rebranded as the GSM World Congress) 1988 GSM technology proven in validation trials 1989 Group Special Mobile (transferred to an ETSI technical committee) defines the GSM standard as the internationally accepted digital cellular telephony standard 1990 GSM adaptation work started for the DCS1800 band 1991 First GSM call made by Radiolinja in Finland 1992 Telstra Australia becomes the first non-European operator to sign the GSM MoU. First international roaming agreement signed between Telecom and Vodafone (UK) . First SMS sent. 1993 32 networks on air in 18 countries or territories. First truly hand portable terminals are launched commercially. 1994 GSM Phase 2 data/fax bearer services launched. GSM MoU membership surpasses 100 operators. GSM subscribers hit one million.
Mobile Communications Department

1995

GSM MoU is formally registered as an Association with 117 networks on air Global GSM subscribers exceed 10 million. GSM World Congress held in Madrid, Spain Formation of GSMA Regional Interest Groups (RIGs). First GSM networks in Russia and China go live Pre-paid GSM SIM cards launched. GSM MoU membership approaches 200 operators from nearly 100 countries 167 networks live in 94 countries. GSM World Congress moves to Cannes, France. GSM subscribers hit 50 million. GSMA Awards launched. 15 GSM networks on air in the USA using the 1900MHz band First tri-band handsets launched Global GSM subscribers surpass 100 million WAP trials begin in France and Italy Contracts placed for GPRS systems First commercial GPRS services launched 3G license auctions commence First GPRS handsets enter the market Five billion SMS messages sent in one month First 3GSM network goes live 3GSM World Congress held in Cannes, France Fifty billion SMS messages sent in first three months GSM subscribers exceed 500 million First mobile phone colour screens launched

1996

1997

1998 1999

2000

2001

Mobile Communications Department

2002

2003

2004

GSM introduced for 800MHz band First Multimedia Messaging Services go live 95% of nations worldwide have GSM networks 400 billion SMS messages sent in the year First mobile camera phones launched First EDGE networks go live GSMA creates new CEO-level Board Membership of GSM Association breaks through 200-country barrier Over half a billion handsets produced in a year GSM SURPASSES ONE BILLION CUSTOMERS More than 50 3GSM networks live GSM Association and Ovum announce market data venture: Wireless Intelligence GSM surpasses 1.5 billion customers GSM dominates over 3/4 of wireless market First HSDPA network goes live Over 100 3GSM networks launched 120+ 3GSM handset models launched or announced First ever sub-$30 mobile phone announced Over one trillion SMS sent in the year GSM SURPASSES TWO BILLION CUSTOMERS 3GSM World Congress Barcelona breaks record attendance Over 120 commercial 3GSM networks in more than 50 countries and almost 100 million subscriptions Approximately 85 HSDPA networks in commercial launch by year end 66 HSDPA devices available from 19 suppliers, including 32 handset models GSMA membership exceeds 900 companies (including over 700 operators) Over 980 million handsets sold by year end Heading towards 2.5 billion GSM customers Further HSDPA network launches and introduction of HSUPA GSMA celebrates 20th anniversary Heading towards 5 billion World wide customers

2005

2006

2007

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Mobile Communications Department

2011

The idea of the first cellular network was brainstormed in 1947. It was intended to be used for military purposes as a way of supplying troops with more advanced forms of communications. From 1947 till about 1979 several different forms of broadcasting technology emerged. The United States began to develop the AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) network, while European countries were developing their own forms of communication. History of GSM Technology Europeans quickly realized the disadvantages of each European country operating on their mobile network. It prevents cell phone use from country to country within Europe. With the emerging European Union and high travel volume between countries in Europe this was seen as a problem. Rectifying the situation the Conference of European Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT) assembled a research group with intentions of researching the mobile phone system in Europe. This group was called Group Spcial Mobile (GSM). For the next ten years the GSM group outlined standards, researched technology and designed a way to implement a pan-European mobile phone network. In 1989 work done by the GSM group was transferred to the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI). The name GSM was transposed to name the type of service invented. The acronym GSM had been changed from Group Spcial Mobile to Global Systems Mobile Telecommunications.

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Mobile Communications Department

By April of 1991 commercial service of the GSM network had begun. Just a year and half later in 1993 there were already 36 GSM networks in over 22 countries. Several other countries were on the rise to adopt this new mobile phone network and participate in what was becoming a worldwide standard. At the same time, GSM also became widely used in the Middle East, South Africa and Australia. While the European Union had developed a sophisticated digital cell phone system, the United States was still operating primarily on the old, analog AMPS network and TDMA. In the end of October 2001, Cingular was the first to announce their switch to the 3G GSM network. This involved switching more then 22 million customers from TDMA to GSM.

In 2005 Cingular stopped new phone activation on the TDMA network and began only selling GSM service.Today major operators on the GSM network include Cingular/AT&T, and T-Mobile. Other common carriers such as Verizon Wireless and Sprint operate on CDMA networks. Most of the world external to the United States uses GSM technology. However, operate on different frequencies then the United States GSM phones. There are five major GSM frequencies that have become standard worldwide. They include GSM-900, GSM-1800, GSM-850, GSM-1900 and GSM-400.
Mobile Communications Department

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GSM-900 and GSM-1800 GSM-900 and GSM-1800 are standards used mostly worldwide. It is the frequency European phones operate on as well as most of Asia and Australia.

GSM-850 and GSM-1900


GSM-850 and GSM-1900 are primarily United States frequencies. They are also the standard for Canada GSM service and countries in Latin and South America. Most of the Cingular network operates on GSM 850, while much of T-Mobile operates at GSM-1900. T-Mobile however, has roaming agreements with Cingular. Meaning in the case of no service at GSM-1900, the phone will switch to GSM-850 and operate on Cingulars network. GSM-400 GSM-400 is the least popular of the bunch and is rarely used. It is an older frequency that was used in Russia and Europe before GSM-900 and GSM-1800 became available. There is not many networks currently operating at this frequency.
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Mobile Communications Department

GSM & WCDMA Frequency Plan


Sr No 1 fq: number 124 fq: Up Link freq:(MHz) 890 ~ 915 Down Link freq:(MHz) 935 ~ 960 BW (MHz) 25 Carrier Spacing 200 kHz Duplex Interval 45 MHz

System

GSM 900

EGSM 900

174 fq:

880 ~ 915

925 ~ 960

35

200 kHz

45 MHz

GSM 1800

374 fq:

1710 ~ 1785

1805 ~ 1880

75

200 kHz

95 MHz

GSM 1900

299 fq:

1850 ~ 1910

1930 ~ 1990

60

200 kHz

80 MHz

WCDMA

5x4x3

1920 ~ 1980

2110 ~ 2170

60

200 kHz
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Mobile Communications Department

GSM
GSM - 900
Frequency Band Uplink Band Downlink Band Using Frequency Band Uplink Band Downlink Band -

890 MHz ~ 915 MHz 935 MHz ~ 960 MHz


890.200 MHz ~ 914.800 MHz 935.200 MHz ~ 959.800 MHz

WCDMA
Frequency Band Uplink Band Downlink Band Using Frequency Uplink Downlink
Mobile Communications Department

1920 MHz ~ 1980 MHz 2110 MHz ~ 2170 MHz 1950 MHz ~ 1955 MHz 2140 MHz ~ 2145 MHz

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Structure of a GSM Network

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Mobile Communications Department

G S M Network Structure
Public Land Mobile communication NetworkPLMN
MSS BSS
BTS Abis No.7 BSSAP A BSC X.25 MSC/VLR PSTN HLR/AUC No.7 MAP EIR MSC/VLR

No.7 MAP ISUP No.7 ISUP Um


BTS X.25/ No.7 SC

PLMN

ISDN

PSPDN

OMC
Signaling
Mobile Communications Department

Voice
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GSM

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Mobile Communications Department

352,200
73,500 214,800

314

640,500
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WCDMA Frequency Band


WCDMA

UP Link
60 MHz

DOWN Link
60 MHz

Operator 1

Operator 2
20 MHz

Operator 3

Operator 1

Operator 2
20 MHz

Operator 3

4 RF CH

4 RF CH

4 RF CH

4 RF CH

4 RF CH

4 RF CH

1
5 MHz

1
5 MHz

1,900 MHz

1,880 MHz

1,920 MHz

1,980 MHz

Mobile Communications Department

2,170 MHz 19

2,110 MHz

Avaiable Erlang and Line Capacity for TRX

TRX
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Erlang
2.93 8.2 14.9 21.04 28.25 34.68 42.12 48.17

Line
84 234 426 601 807 991 1204 1391

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Mobile Communications Department

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