Professional Documents
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Sustainability
Environmentally Friendly Sustainable Products Green product Environmentally Preferable
United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) Sustainable Development definition: development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
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M, E = Material and Energy inputs to process and distribution W = Waste (gas, liquid, or solid) output from product, process, or distribution Material flow of product component
to make more informed decisions through a better understanding of the human health and environmental impacts of products, processes, and activities
Materials Energy
Transport
Other Releases
Usable Products
Reuse - Recycling
Disposal
LCA is a technique to assess the environmental aspects and potential impacts associated with a product, process, or service, by:
Compiling an inventory of relevant energy and material inputs and environmental releases Evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated with identified inputs and releases Interpreting the results to help you make a more informed decision
Interpretation
Ways to reduce environmental impacts. What conclusions can you draw from the study? What recommendations can be made?
illustrates the possible life cycle stages that can be considered in an LCA and the typical inputs/outputs measured
Items To Consider??
Inputs What is needed to make the substance! 1. Energy 2. Materials 3. Labor Outputs What comes out of the system! 1. Products (electricity, materials, goods, services) 2. Waste 3. Emissions 4. Co-products
LCA Applications
External uses: Marketing or support for specific environmental claims. Labelling. Public education and communication. Policy making. Supporting the establishment of purchasing procedures
LCA Applications
Internal uses: Strategic planning. Product & process design, improvements & optimisation. Identifying environmental improvement opportunities. Support the establishment of purchasing procedures or specifications. Environmental auditing & waste minimisation
Source: Combustion (transport, energy etc.) Effect: Increase in temperature, desert formation etc.
Source: CFC and HCFC from foam and coolants Effect: UV radiation, skin cancer etc.
Acidification
Source: Transport, energy, agriculture Effect: Damage to woodlands, lakes and buildings (SOx, NOx, NH3 ) Source: Fertilisers, waste water, transport and energy Effect: Eutrophication (Damage to plants and fish) Source: Waste water, incineration, industry, ships etc. Effect: Accumulation: Chronic damage to ecosystems and organisms
Eutrofication
Persistent toxicity
Example: Automobile
The figure illustrates that one emission may contribute to several impacts, and that several emissions contribute to the same impact
Example: EtOH
Concept of Biorefinery
Plant Raw Material Pre-processing Final Processing Fuels Functional Unit Recycle or Disposal
Grains
Carbohydrates
Protein
Chemicals, etc. Polymers Feeds & Foods Monomers Products to Replace Petroleum Based or Petroleum Dependent Products
Crop Residues
Oil
Oilseeds
Syngas
Sugar Crops
Lubricants Electricity
Lignin
Steam
Ash
Fertilizer
Calculated environmental impacts across the products life cycle identifies and quantifies energy & materials used, waste emissions, etc identifies improvement potentials
96%
87% 98% 5%
30 Oktober 2012