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Culture Documents
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Key Words
Prokaryotic Outer membrane
Eubacteria (Bacteria) Periplasmic space
Archaebacteria (Archaea) Oxidative phosphorylation
Eukaryotic Spheroplast/protoplast
Plasmid Flagella
Chromosome Chemotaxis
Ribosome Axial filament
Peptidoglycan (murein, mucopeptide) Periplasmic binding protein
Gram stain Permeases
Gram negative Storage Granules
Gram positive Pili (fimbriae)
Cell envelope Capsule (slime layer, glycocalyx)
Cell membrane Endospore (spore)
Cell wall
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EUKARYOTES
PROKARYOTES
BACTERIA ARCHAEA
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Prokaryotes (Bacteria)
• Eubacter "True" bacteria
– human pathogens
– clinical or environmental
– one kingdom
• Archaea
– Environmental organisms
– second kingdom
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Eukaryotes
• Other cell-based life e.g.
– plants
– animals
– fungi
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Prokaryotic Cell (versus Eukaryotic
Cell)
• Not compartmentalized
• Cell membranes lack sterols (e.g. cholesterol)
• Single circular chromosome
• Ribosomal are 70S
- subunits
• 30S (16S rRNA)
• 50S (5S & 23S rRNA)
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Bacteria versus
Archaebacteria
• Eubacteria
– peptidoglycan (murein)
– muramic acid
• Archaebacteria
– pseudomurein
– no muramic acid
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Bacteria versus
Archaebacteria
• 16S rRNA
– sequence different
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Eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cell
(e.g. animal) Gram + Flagellum
Rough endoplasmic Cell membrane Nucleoid Cell wall
reticulum
Nucleus
Gram -
Pili
Granule
Capsule
Cytoplasm
Cell (inner) membrane Outer membrane
Mitochondria 9
Ribosomes Cell wall
Bacteria
• Plasmids
• Extra-chromosomal DNA
• coding
- pathogenesis factors
- antibiotic resistance factors
• bacterial replication
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The Cell Envelope
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Oxidative phosphorylation occurs at cell membrane
(since there are no mitochondria).
Cell Wall
Cytoplasmic membrane
Cytoplasm
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GRAM NEGATIVE
CELL ENVELOPE
Outer Membrane
(Major permeability barrier) Lipopolysaccharide
Porin
Braun lipoprotein
Cytoplasm 15
GRAM POSITIVE
CELL ENVELOPE
Degradative enzyme
Cytoplasmic membrane
Cytoplasm
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FLAGELLA
• Some bacteria are motile
• Locomotory organelles- flagella
• Taste environment
• Respond to food/poison
– chemotaxis
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• Flagella
– embedded in cell membrane
– project as strand
– Flagellin (protein) subunits
– move cell by propeller like action
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Axial filaments
– spirochetes
– similar function to flagella
– run lengthwise along cell
– snake-like movement
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Making Wall-less forms
• Result from action of:
– enzymes lytic for cell wall
– antibiotics inhibiting peptidoglycan biosynthesis
• Usually non-viable
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Pili (fimbriae)
• hair-like projections of the cell
• sexual conjugation
• adhesion to host epithelium
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Capsules and slime layers
• outside cell envelope
• well defined: capsule
• not defined: slime layer or glycocalyx
• usually polysaccharide
• often lost during in vitro culture
• protective in vivo
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Endospores (spores)
• Dormant cell
• Produced when starved
• Resistant to adverse conditions
- high temperatures
- organic solvents
• contain calcium dipicolinate
• Bacillus and Clostridium
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