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Ultrasonic Testing Part 2
Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

Name
Ultrasonic Testing techniques

Pulse Echo Through Transmission Transmission with Reflection
Name
Pulse Echo Technique

Single probe sends and receives sound Gives an indication of defect depth and dimensions Not fail safe
Name
Defect Position
B
B A
No indication from defect A (wrong orientation)

Name
Through Transmission Technique

Transmitting and receiving probes on opposite sides of the specimen Presence of defect indicated by reduction in transmission signal No indication of defect location Fail safe method Tx Rx
Name
Name
Through Transmission Technique

Advantages Less attenuation No probe ringing No dead zone Orientation does not matter Disadvantages Defect not located Defect cant be identified Vertical defects dont show Must be automated Need access to both surfaces
Name
Transmission with Reflection

T R
Also known as:

Tandem Technique or Pitch and Catch Technique
Name
Ultrasonic Pulse
A short pulse of electricity is applied to a piezo-electric crystal The crystal begins to vibration increases to maximum amplitude and then decays
Maximum
10% of Maximum
Pulse length
Name
Pulse Length
The longer the pulse, the more penetrating the sound
The shorter the pulse the better the sensitivity and resolution
Short pulse, 1 or 2 cycles

Long pulse 12 cycles

Name
Ideal Pulse Length
5 cycles for weld testing

Name
The Sound Beam

Dead Zone Near Zone or Fresnel Zone Far Zone or Fraunhofer Zone
Name
The Sound Beam

NZ
Intensity varies Exponential Decay
FZ
Main Beam
Distance
Name
The side lobes has multi minute main beams Two identical defects may give different amplitudes of signals
Side Lobes
Near Zone
The main beam or the centre beam has the highest intensity of sound energy
Main Lobe Any reflector hit by the main beam will reflect the high amount of energy
Main Beam
Name
Sound Beam
Near Zone Thickness measurement Detection of defects Sizing of large defects only Far Zone Thickness measurement Defect detection Sizing of all defects
Near zone length as small as possible
Name
Near Zone
D Near Zone 4 V f
2
D f Near Zone 4V
Name
Near Zone
What is the near zone length of a 5MHz compression probe with a crystal diameter of 10mm in steel?
D f Near Zone 4V 2 10 5,000,000 4 5,920,000 21.1mm

Name
Near Zone
D Near Zone 4
2
D f 4V
The bigger the diameter the bigger the near zone The higher the frequency the bigger the near zone The lower the velocity the bigger the near zone
Should large diameter crystal probes have a high or low frequency?
Name
Which of the above probes has the longest Near Zone ?

1 M Hz 1 M Hz 5 M Hz 5 M Hz
Name
Near Zone
D Near Zone 4
2
D f 4V
The bigger the diameter the bigger the near zone The higher the frequency the bigger the near zone The lower the velocity the bigger the near zone
Should large diameter crystal probes have a high or low frequency?
Name
Beam Spread
In the far zone sound pulses spread out as they move away from the crystal /2
K KV Sine or 2 D Df
Name
Beam Spread
K KV Sine or 2 D Df
Edge,K=1.22
20dB,K=1.08 6dB,K=0.56 Beam axis or Main Beam
Name
Beam Spread
K KV Sine or 2 D Df
The bigger the diameter the smaller the beam spread The higher the frequency the smaller the beam spread
Which has the larger beam spread, a compression or a shear wave probe?
Name
Beam Spread
What is the beam spread of a 10mm,5MHz compression wave probe in steel?
KV Sine 2 Df 1.08 5920 5000 10 o 0.1278 7.35

Name
Which of the above probes has the Largest Beam Spread ?

1 M Hz 1 M Hz 5 M Hz 5 M Hz
Name
Beam Spread
K KV Sine or 2 D Df
The bigger the diameter the smaller the beam spread The higher the frequency the smaller the beam spread
Which has the larger beam spread, a compression or a shear wave probe?
Name
Testing close to side walls
Name
Sound at an Interface
Sound will be either transmitted across or reflected back
Reflected
Interface
How much is reflected and transmitted depends upon the relative acoustic impedance of the 2 materials
Transmitted
Name
The Phenomenon of Sound

REFLECTION REFRACTION
DIFFRACTION
Name
The Phenomenon of Sound

REFLECTION REFRACTION
DIFFRACTION
Name
Law of Reflection
Angle of Incidence = Angle of Reflection
60o
60o
Name
Inclined incidence(not at
Incident
o 90 )
Transmitted
The sound is refracted due to differences in sound velocity in the 2 DIFFERENT materials
Name
REFRACTION
Only occurs when:
The incident angle is other than 0
30
Water Steel Water
Steel
Steel
Steel
Refracted
Name
REFRACTION
Only occurs when:
The incident angle is other than 0 The Two Materials has different VELOCITIES
30 Steel Steel 30 Water Steel
30
65
No Refraction
Refracted
Name
Snells Law
Normal
Incident
Material 1
Material 2
Refracted
Sine I Vel in Material 1 Sine R Vel in Material 2

Name
Snells Law
C 20

Perspex
Steel 48.3 C
Sine 20 2730 Sine 48.3 5960
0.4580 0.4580
Name
Snells Law
C 15

Perspex
Steel 34.4 C
Sine 15 2730 Sine R 5960 5960 SinR Sin15 2730
SinR 0.565 R 34.4

Name
Snells Law
C 20
Perspex
Steel
48.3 24 S
Name
Snells Law
C
C
When an incident beam of sound approaches an interface of two different materials: REFRACTION occurs
Perspex
Steel
There may be more than one waveform transmitted into the second material, example: Compression and Shear
When a waveform changes into another waveform: MODE CHANGE
S S
C C
Name
Snells Law
C
If the angle of Incident is increased the angle of refraction also increases Up to a point where the Compression Wave is at 90 from the Normal This happens at the FIRST CRITICAL ANGLE
Perspex
Steel
90
S
Name
1st Critical Angle

C 27.4 Compression wave refracted at 90 degrees
33 S
Name
2nd Critical Angle

C 57 C
S (Surface Wave) 90
Shear wave refracted at 90 degrees Shear wave becomes a surface wave

Name
1st Critical Angle Calculation

C 27.2
Sine I 2730 Sine 90 5960

Perspex
C
Steel
Sin90 1 2730 SinI 5960 SinI 0.458 I 27.26

Name
2nd Critical Angle Calculation

C C
57.4
Perspex Steel
Sine I 2730 Sine 90 3240

S
Sin90 1 2730 SinI 3240 SinI 0.8425 I 57.4
Name
1st.
C
Before the 1st. Critical Angle: There are both Compression and Shear wave in the second material At the FIRST CRITICAL ANGLE Compression wave refracted at 90 Shear wave at 33 degrees in the material
2nd.
90
Beyond the 2nd. Critical Angle: All waves are reflected out of the material. NO wave in the material. S C
Between the 1st. And 2nd. Critical Angle: Only SHEAR wave in the material. Compression is reflected out of the material.
33
At the 2nd. Critical Angle: Shear is refracted to 90 and become SURFACE wave
Name
Name
Summary
Standard angle probes between 1st and 2nd critical angles (45,60,70) Stated angle is refracted angle in steel No angle probe under 35, and more than 80: to avoid being 2 waves in the same material. One Defect Two Echoes
C C S
Name
Snells Law
Calculate the 1st critical angle for a perspex/copper interface V Comp perspex : 2730m/sec V Comp copper : 4700m/sec
2730 SinI 0.5808 35.5 4700
Name

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Ultrasonic Testing Part 2

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

Ultrasonic Testing techniques

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

Pulse Echo Technique

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

No indication from defect A (wrong orientation)

Through Transmission Technique

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

Through Transmission Technique

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

Transmission with Reflection

Also known as:

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

Short pulse, 1 or 2 cycles

Long pulse 12 cycles

Ideal Pulse Length

5 cycles for weld testing

The Sound Beam

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

The Sound Beam

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

Near zone length as small as possible

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

D f Near Zone 4V 2 10 5,000,000 4 5,920,000 21.1mm

Which of the above probes has the longest Near Zone ?

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

KV Sine 2 Df 1.08 5920 5000 10 o 0.1278 7.35

Which of the above probes has the Largest Beam Spread ?

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

Testing close to side walls

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

The Phenomenon of Sound

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

The Phenomenon of Sound

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

Sine I Vel in Material 1 Sine R Vel in Material 2

Sine I Vel in Material 1 Sine R Vel in Material 2

Sine 20 2730 Sine 48.3 5960

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

Sine I Vel in Material 1 Sine R Vel in Material 2

Sine 15 2730 Sine R 5960 5960 SinR Sin15 2730

SinR 0.565 R 34.4

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

1st Critical Angle

2nd Critical Angle

Shear wave refracted at 90 degrees Shear wave becomes a surface wave

1st Critical Angle Calculation

Sine I 2730 Sine 90 5960

Sin90 1 2730 SinI 5960 SinI 0.458 I 27.26

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

2nd Critical Angle Calculation

Sine I 2730 Sine 90 3240

Sin90 1 2730 SinI 3240 SinI 0.8425 I 57.4

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

Copyright 2004 WI Ltd

2730 SinI 0.5808 35.5 4700