Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Department of Mathematics
Jahangirnagar University
Savar Dhaka
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Traffic problems amenable to scientific
analysis
How to develop traffic light system,
Whether to change a two-way street to a one way
street,
Where to construct entrances, exits, overpasses
How many lanes to be build for a highway
Where to build a highway or to develop alternative
forms of transportation like trains or trams, etc.
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Traffic Control at a Crossing
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Mathematical models of traffic flow
There are three types of mathematical models of
traffic flow, such as
Microscopic model
Macroscopic (Fluid-dynamic) model
Kinetic (Boltzmann) model
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Macroscopic Traffic Variables
Car Density : ρ (t ,:=x#(Cars)
) in 1 KM
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Macroscopic model of traffic flow
The model is based on continuum hypothesis & law of
conservation of mass and fomulates a nonlinear hyperbolic PDE.
∂ρ ∂q ( ρ )
+ =0
∂t ∂x
This model was developed by Lighthill, Whitham and Richards
(LWR) in 1955. This is also called LWR model.
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Qualitative density-velocity relationship
v( ρ = 0) = vmax , v( ρ )
dv
≤ 0, ρ
dρ
v( ρ = ρ max ) = 0.
ρ
ρ2 ρ3
Non - linear : v( ρ ) = vmax 1 − 2 ⇒ q ( ρ ) = vmax ρ − 2
ρ max ρmax
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Qualitative flux-density relationship
Qualitative Analysis Fundamental diagram
q( ρ = 0) = 0, q ( ρ)
v( ρ max ) = 0
⇒ q( ρ max ) = ρ maxv( ρ max ) = 0.
q ≥ 0 in 0 < ρ < ρ max ρ
dq dv
Slope: = v( ρ ) + ρ
dρ dρ 9
Nonlinear PDE as an IVP
Non-linear v( ρ )
∂ρ ∂ ρ 2
+
ρ ⋅ vmax (1 − 2 ) =0
∂t ∂x ρ max
ρ(t , x ) = ρ ( x )
0 0
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Exact Solution of the IVPs
By the Method of Characteristics
3ρ
2
ρ ( x, t ) = ρ 0 ( x0 ,0) = ρ 0 ( x0 ) = ρ 0 x − Vm ax 1 − 2 t
ρ m ax
∂ρ ∂q ( ρ )
∂t + ∂x = 0
with I.C. ρ (t0 , x) = ρ 0 ( x)
and B.C. ρ (t, a) = ρ (t )
a
ρ 3
Non - linear q ( ρ ) = vmax ρ − 2
ρmax
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Explicit Finite Difference Scheme
∂ρ
Discretizaton of by forward difference
∂t
∂q
Discretizaton of by backward difference
∂x
⇒ρ i
n+ 1
[
∆t n n
]
= ρ − qi − qi − 1 ; i = 0,, M − 1; n = 1,, N
i
n
∆x ρ i
n +1
Stencil
ρ in−1 ρ in 13
Well-posed-ness & Convergence
3ρ 2
Well-posed-ness q′( ρ ) = vmax (1 − 2 ) ≥ 0
ρ max
for non-linear case:
⇒ ρ max
2
≥ 3ρ 2 (*)
⇒ q′( ρ ) ≤ vmax
Stability condition: vmax ∆t
⇒
(*) can be ensured via (**) by γ= ≤ 1 (**)
∆x
ρmax =k max ρ0 ( x ), k ≥ 3
x
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Error Estimation
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Convergence
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Numerical Simulation
v max= 60.12 km/hour, ρ max
=155/km Initial density
For 3 Minutes in 1800 time steps
∆x
Stability condition : ∆t ≤
v max
Well-posed condition: c=5
5 KM Highway in 101 grid pts, 1
step =50 m
Boundary value density =150/ km
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Computed Traffic density
Nonlinear
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Computed Traffic Velocity
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Computed Traffic Flow
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Larger vmax & ρ max :Faster Traffic
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Future Interest
Simulation of Multi-lane Traffic model
∂ρ1 ∂( ρ1v1 ) ρ 2 ρ1
+ = 1− 2
∂t ∂x T2 T1
∂ρ 2 ∂( ρ 2 v2 ) ρ1 ρ 2
+ = 2− 1
∂t ∂x T1 T2
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References
Randall J. LeVeque, “Numerical Methods for Conservation
Laws”, second Edition, 1992, Springer.
Nicholas Linesch, Michael Perez, “A Nonlinear Traffic Model
Dynamics on a One Dimensional lane”, June 2007
Arpad Takaci, “Mathematical and Simulation models of Traffic
Flow”, PAMM. Proc. Appl. Math. Mech. 5, 633-634 (2005)/
DOI 10.002/pamm. 200510293, 2005 WILEY- VCH Verlag
GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Dirk Helbeing, Andreas Greiner, “Modeling and Simulation of
Multilane Traffic Flow”, Phys. Rev. E 55, 5498-5508(1997)
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND
ATTENTION
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