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need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle."
Definition: the gathering of information about a potential system or network (the fine art of gathering target information) Attackers point of view
Identify potential target systems Identify which types of attacks may be useful on target a.k.a. fingerprinting
systems
prepared for possible attack Vulnerability analysis: know what information youre giving away, what weaknesses you have
system)
Networks / Enterprises System information for all hosts Network topology Gateways Firewalls Overall topology Network traffic information Specialized servers Web, Database, FTP, Email, etc.
Identify information youre giving away Identify weaknesses in systems/network Know when systems/network is being probed Identify source of probe Develop awareness of threat Construct audit trail of activity
Footprinting is necessary to systematically and methodically ensure that all pieces of information related to the aforementioned technologies are identified Footprinting is often the most arduous task of trying to determine the security posture of an entity; however, it is one of the most important. Footprinting must be performed accurately and in a controlled fashion Without a sound methodology for performing this type of reconnaissance, you are likely to miss key pieces of information related to a specific technology or organization
struggles. They exploit our weaknesses in whatever forms they manifest themselves. You do not want hackers to know more about your security posture than you do!
must pay particular attention to is what we techies affectionately refer to as layers eight and nine of the seven-layer OSI ModelPolitics and Funding
Do you have authorization to proceed with your activities? what exactly are your activities? Is the authorization from the right person(s)? Is it in writing? Are the target IP addresses the right ones?
Company web pages Related organizations Location details Phone numbers, contact names, e-mail addresses, and personal details Current events (mergers, acquisitions, layoffs, rapid growth, etc.) Privacy or security policies, and technical details indicating the types of security mechanisms in place Archived information Disgruntled employees Search engines, Usenet, and resumes Other information of interest
functions of the Internet are "managed" by a nonprofit organization named the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN; http://www.icann.org). ICANN is a technical coordination body for the Internet. Created in October 1998 by a broad coalition of the Internet's business, technical, academic, and user communities, ICANN is assuming responsibility for a set of technical functions previously performed under U.S. government contract by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA; http://www.iana.org) and other groups. (In practice, IANA still handles much of the dayto-day operations, but these will eventually be transitioned to ICANN.)
Specifically, ICANN coordinates the assignment of the following identifiers that must be globally unique for the Internet to function:
Internet domain names IP address numbers Protocol parameters and port numbers
In addition, ICANN coordinates the stable operation of the Internet's root DNS server system.
To be thorough, we could have done the same searches via the command-line WHOIS client with the following three commands:
[bash]$ whois com -h whois.iana.org [bash]$ whois keyhole.com -h whois.verisign-grs.com [bash]$ whois keyhole.com -h whois.omnis.com http://www.allwhois.com http://www.uwhois.com http://www.internic.net/whois.html
There are also several websites that attempt to automate this process with varying degrees of success:
Last but not least, there are several GUIs available that will assist you in your searches too:
SamSpade http://www.samspade.org SuperScan http://www.foundstone.com NetScan Tools Pro http://www.nwpsw.com
can begin to query the DNS. DNS is a distributed database used to map IP addresses to hostnames, and vice versa. If DNS is configured insecurely, it is possible to obtain revealing information about the organization. One of the most serious misconfigurations a system administrator can make is allowing untrusted Internet users to perform a DNS zone transfer
A zone transfer allows a secondary master server to update its zone database from the primary master This provides for redundancy when running DNS, should the primary name server become unavailable. Generally, a DNS zone transfer needs to be performed only by secondary master DNS servers Many DNS servers, however, are misconfigured and provide a copy of the zone to anyone who asks.
A simple way to perform a zone transfer is to use the nslookup client that is usually provided with most UNIX and Windows implementations. We can use nslookup in interactive mode, as follows:
[bash]$ nslookup Default Server: ns1.example.net Address: 10.10.20.2 > 216.182.1.1 Server: ns1.example.net Address: 10.10.20.2 Name: gate.tellurian.net Address: 216.182.1.1
attempt to determine their network topology as well as potential access paths into the network. To accomplish this task, we can use the traceroute (ftp://www.ee.lbl.gov/traceroute.tar.gz) program that comes with most flavors of UNIX and is provided in Windows. In Windows, it is spelled tracert due to the 8.3 legacy filename issues. traceroute is a diagnostic tool originally written by Van Jacobson that lets you view the route that an IP packet follows from one host to the next. traceroute uses the time-tolive (TTL) option in the IP packet to elicit an ICMP TIME_EXCEEDED message from each router
traceroute may allow you to discover the network topology employed by the target network, in addition to identifying access control devices (such as an applicationbased firewall or packet-filtering routers) that may be filtering our traffic Most of what we have done up to this point with traceroute has been command-line oriented. For the graphically inclined, you can use
VisualRoute (http://www.visualroute.com), NeoTrace (http://www.neotrace.com), or Trout (http://www.foundstone.com)
Remote Systems
ping traceroute nslookup, dig whois arp, netstat (also local system)
Other tools
lsof
Other utilities
wireshark (packet sniffing) nmap (port scanning) - more later Ubuntu Linux Go to System / Administration / Network Tools get interface to collection of tools: ping, netstat, traceroute, port scan, nslookup, finger, whois
Windows
Sam Spade (collected network tools) Wireshark (packet sniffer) Command line tools ipconfig Many others
// default
Configure network interface Tells current IP numbers for host system Usage: ifconfig
E.g. ifconfig
// command alone: display status eth0 Link encap: Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:CD:F6:D3 inet addr: 192.168.172.128 . . . lo Link encap: Local Loopback inet addr: 127.0.0.1 . . .
Basic tool to show users on current system Useful for identifying unusual activity (e.g. activity by newly created accounts or inactive accounts) Usage: who
E.g. who
root paul
Useful for identifying unusual activity in recent past Usage: last [-n]
E.g. last -3
wagnerpj pts/1 137.28.253.254 Sat Feb 5 15:40 still logged in flinstf pts/0 137.28.191.74 Sat Feb 5 15:38 still logged in rubbleb pts/0 c48.someu.edu Sat Feb 5 14:38 - 15:25 (00:46)
Potential Uses
Is system online? Through response Gather name information Through DNS Tentatively Identify operating system Based on TTL (packet Time To Live) on each packet line TTL = number of hops allowed to get to system 64 is Linux default, 128 is Windows default (but can be changed!)
Notes
Uses ICMP packets Often blocked on many hosts; more useful within network Usage: ping system E.g. ping ftp.redhat.com E.g. ping localhost
Potential Uses
Determine physical location of machine Gather network information (gateway, other internal
Notes
systems) Find system thats dropping your packets evidence of a firewall Can use UDP or ICMP packets Results often limited by firewalls Several GUI-based traceroute utilities available Usage: traceroute system
E.g. traceroute cs.umn.edu
[wagnerpj@data ~]$ traceroute cs.umn.edu traceroute to cs.umn.edu (128.101.34.202), 30 hops max, 38 byte packets 1 137.28.109.2 (137.28.109.2) 0.247 ms 0.220 ms 0.208 ms 2 v101.networking.cns.uwec.edu (137.28.9.1) 0.245 ms 0.229 ms 0.220 ms 3 uweauclairehub2-ge50.core.wiscnet.net (216.56.90.1) 1.315 ms 1.194 ms 1.343 ms 4 *** <ctrl-c> [wagnerpj@data ~]$
H:\>tracert www.google.com
Trace complete.
Potential Uses
Queries nicname/whois servers for Internet
registration information Can gather contacts, names, geographic information, servers, - useful for social engineering attacks
Notes
Usage: whois domain e.g. whois netcom.com
Domain Name: UWEC.EDU Registrant: University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire 105 Garfield Avenue Eau Claire, WI 54702-4004 UNITED STATES Contacts: Administrative Contact: Computing and Networking Services 105 Garfield Ave Eau Claire, WI 54701 UNITED STATES (715) 836-5711 networking@uwec.edu Name Servers: TOMATO.UWEC.EDU 137.28.1.17 LETTUCE.UWEC.EDU 137.28.1.18 BACON.UWEC.EDU 137.28.5.194
Below are the domains you matched (up to 100). For specific information on one of these domains, please search on that domain. UW.EDU UWA.EDU UWB.EDU UWC.EDU UWEC.EDU UWEST.EDU UWEX.EDU .
Potential Uses
Query internet name servers Find name for IP address, and vice versa
Notes
Now deprecated generally use dig Sometimes useful when dig fails
Usage
nslookup xxxxxxx // name or IP addr. E.g. nslookup data.cs.uwec.edu E.g. dig data.cs.uwec.edu
Potential Uses
Domain Name Service (DNS) lookup utility Associate name with IP address and vice versa
Notes
Many command options General usage: dig <somehost> E.g. dig data.cs.uwec.edu E.g. dig 137.28.109.33
to
Notes
arp arp n
Notes
Many flags
// open sockets, etc. // summary statistics // routing tables // programs // listening sockets
Lists open files on your system Useful to see what processes are working with what files, possibly identify tampering Usage: lsof
Sam Spade
swiss army knife of footprinting Has most of the Linux tools Plus other functionality
Usage
Start application Fill in name or IP address Choose option desired in menus
Definition: Hardware or software that can display network traffic packet information Usage
Network traffic analysis
source) others
Need to be able to put your network interface card (NIC) in promiscuous mode to be able to process all traffic, not just traffic for/from itself
NIC must support Need privilege (e.g. root in Linux)
Layer 4 Transport (incl. protocol, port) Layer 3 Network (incl. source, dest) Layer 2 Data Link Layer 1 Physical
Created as tool to examine network problems in 1997 Various contributors added pieces; released 1998 Name change (2007): ethereal -> wireshark Works with other packet filter formats Information
http://www.wireshark.org
Demonstration
Capture window shows accumulated totals for different types of packets Stop packets now displayed Top window packet summary
Can sort by column source, destination, protocol are useful
Can save a session to a capture file Can reopen file later for further analysis Open capture file
Ubuntu: /home/user/Support/MOBILEcapture.cap
W2K3: C:\Support\MOBILEcapture.cap
Hunt
TCP sniffer Watch and reset connections Hijack sessions Spoof MAC address Spoof DNS name
Basic tools can generate much information Remember principle of accumulating information
Attacker will build on smaller pieces to get
bigger pieces
Message to defenders: dont give away any information if you can avoid it