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DEPLOYMENT CONSIDERATIONS

PRESENTED BY: ASHA KUSHWAHA (13/PIT/080)

GAURAV KHANNA (13/PIT/082)


REHNUMA (13/PIT/088) SUSHMITA PANDEY(13/PIT/094)

Deployment considerations refers to the various issues network operators face as they build new networks or upgrade their networks to higher capacities. Long Haul and metro networks have different requirements which influence the choice of technology deployed.

An established carrier offering a mix of services may choose to overlay SONET/SDH and IP or ATM directly over the optical layer.
New carriers offering predominantly data oriented services may opt to deploy IP or ATM directly over the optical layer, not deploying any SONET/SDH at all.

SONET/SDH CORE NETWORK: AN OVERVIEW


The SONET/SDH core network consist of interconnected SONET rings of which many rings are composed of multiple rings connecting the same set of nodes. Such multiple rings configuration is known as Stacked Rings. These rings generally utilize WDM to operate over different wavelength on the same fiber, or on different fibers. Fig 1: shows that a SONET/SDH network node has multiple WDM terminals (OLTs).

Each ring passing through the node requires a SONET ADM. These ADMs are connected to the OLTs

ADMs operate at line rates of OC-48 (2.5 Gbps) or OC-192 (10 Gbps). The lower speed traffic streams ranging from 45 Mbps DS3 streams to higher speed 622 Mbps OC-12 streams are dropped by the ADMs which in turn are handled by DCSs. SONET/SDH core network provide advantages such as: 1) High network availability due to well established protection schemes. 2) Guaranteed latency and bandwidth. 3) Extensive performance monitoring. 4) Fault management capabilities.

5) High reliability and efficiency.

ARCHITECTURAL CHOICES FOR NEXTGENERATION TRANSPORT NETWORKS


The optical layer is the most important transmission layer for telecommunication backbone networks. Various other technologies are used above the optical layer to deliver services, these include SONET/SDH, IP/MPLS and Ethernet. Fig 2: show a variety of options available for next generation transport networks. The optical layer is becoming ubiquitous in both Long Haul and Metro networks. The optical layer here provides circuit switched light paths to the higher layers. Packet switching functions are left for the electronic layers.

The next generation metro access networks will use a hybrid packet-circuit element as the key element to deliver services. The core of the network is migrating away from a SONET ring-based architecture to a meshed optical layer architecture, with protection functions implemented in the optical layer. The optical network is moving from a static network to a dynamic network, where light paths can be set up and taken down as needed.

LONG HAUL NETWORKS


Connect metropolitan areas to each other or interconnect with other long-haul networks, enabling seamless and efficient intercity and international connectivity.

Carry a lot more data than any other type of network and over much greater distances (hundreds or thousands of kilometers). The economics for deploying WDM on these links is quite compelling, based on the enormous savings in regenerator costs enabled by the use of optical amplifiers, as well as the time to market to deploy new services. Combination of WDM and TDM depends very much on the carriers installed base of fiber and the type of services delivered. WDM has been actively deployed on many routes, most of their links operate at 2.5 Gb/s (OC-48) rather than 10 Gb/s (OC-192

METRO NETWORKS
There are two types of metro networks:

1. Metro Access networks: extends from carriers central office to carriers customers locations.

2. Metro interoffice network: the part of the network between central offices.
Access networks consists of rings , a few kilometer to tens of kilometer in diameter, and traffic is hubbed in central office. The interoffice tends to several to a few tens of kilometer between sites, and traffic is more distributed.

Because of the shorter spans involved, the case for WDM links is less compelling in metro networks. The other alternatives, may be

1. using multiple optical fibers


2. Higher-speed TDM, are quite viable in many situations. There has been no widespread deployment of OC-192 in the metro network. The reasons may be: 1. it appeared recently on metro systems. 2. it offers low speed 1.5 mbps and 45 mbps. Metro carriers need to provide a variety of different types of connections to their customers. The service mix includes IP , Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, and Fibre Channel.

The traffic distribution changes much more rapidly in metro networks than in long-haul networks. Therefore there is a need to rearrange network capacity quickly and efficiently as needed. Reconfigurable WDM networks allow capacity to be provided as needed in an efficient manner.

Despite the shorter spans for metro networks, optical amplifiers may still be needed, for several reasons:

1. Although spans are short, in many cases the fiber in the ground is old, has many connectors in its path, and thus has relatively high loss.

2. The loss is not just due to spansa large component of the loss comes from the loss of optical add/drop multiplexers.

IP OVER WDM
In the first architecture ,the IP routers are directly connected to OLTs(optical line terminals).

Passthrough traffic at intermediate nodes are handelled by routers.


In this case, the cost will be high due to the requirement of large number of expensive router ports ,and due to many other router associated issues such as power and cooling issues.

In the second approach ,the pass through traffic is handled by patch cables between the OLTs. It is important to perform multiplexing and demultiplexing of light paths i.e. grooming . It is inflexible because light paths cannot be configured dynamically.

In the third approach, OXCs are used to handle pass through traffic . Here the line paths are setup dynamically . It is the preferred architecture .

WAYS TO INCREASE THE TRANSMISSION CAPACITY OF WDM NETWORKS


There are fundamentally three ways of increasing transmission capacity

1. The first approach is to light up additional fibers or to deploy additional fibers as needed . We can think it as Space Division Multiplexing (SDM).

2.To increase the transmission bit rate on the fiber. This is TDM approach.

3. To add additional wavelength over the same fiber. This is the WDM approach.

1.USING SDM
The viability of this approach depends on a few factors: 1.Additional fibers available on the route 2.Route length- if the route length is short and no regenerators or amplifiers are required along the route then this is a good alternative .However if amplifiers or regenerators are required then this becomes an expensive approach.

If no fibers available on the route, then we need to look at the cost associated with laying new fiber.

2.USING TDM
It is required for grooming traffic at lower bit rates where optics is not cost effective.

Electronic TDM technology is already delivering the capability of 40Gb/s transmission rates and may well push this out to 80Gb/s in future.
At the higher bit rates, we have to deal with various impairments over the fiber chromatic dispersion, PMD and fiber non-linearities.

3.USING WDM DESIGN TRANSMISSION LAYER

WDM system can be designed to allow different wavelength to carry data at different bit rates and protocol formats. WDM provides great flexibility in building networks.

UNIDIRECTIONAL VS. BIDIRECTIONAL WDM SYSTEM


A unidirectional system used two fibers, one for each direction of traffic.

A bidirectional system , it requires only one fiber and typically use half the wavelength for transmitting data in one direction and the other half for transmitting data in the opposite direction on the same fiber.

IP OVER SONET/IP AS THE SERVICE LAYER


IP layer belongs to layer 3 of the OSI hierarchy.

With the advent of MPLS, IP layer also included layer 2 functionality.


Framing is done on line cards within the router.

IP OVER SONET ARCHITECTURE


Two framing techniques are emerging.
1st is based on ETHERNET.

And the 2nd is based on digital wrapper standard.


Ethernet based framing is likely to proliferate as high speed Ethernet becomes widely deployed in metro networks and reaches out into long-haul networks.

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