THE NEED FOR NETWORKING

Sharing of technology resources Sharing of data Distributed data processing and client/server systems Enhanced communications Marketing outreach

AN OVERVIEW OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING

Networking the electronic linking of geographically dispersed devices Telecommunications communications (voice and data) at a distance

Functions of a Telecommunications Network

KEY ELEMENTS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING

Transmission Media

Typical Speeds

Wireless broadcast technology in which radio signals are sent out into the air
Cordless telephone Cellular phone Wireless LAN Microwave Satellite

KEY ELEMENTS OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING Topology of Networks

TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING

KEY ELEMENTS OF

Types of Networks

Backbone network terminology: Bridge connects two LANs using same protocol Router (gateway) connects two or more LANs that may use different protocols Switch connects more than two LANs using the same protocols

Sample Backbone Network

TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING

Types of Networks
Wide Area Networks (WANs) Communicate voice and data across greater distances Usually owned by several organizations (including user organization and common carrier) Employ point-to-point transmission Often rely on public telephone network

KEY ELEMENTS OF

Types of WANs
Switched-circuit Direct distance dialing (DDD) Wide Area Telephone Service (WATS) Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) Dedicated-circuit Leased lines Satellite

TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING

Types of WANs

KEY ELEMENTS OF

Packet-switched Shared private lines using store-and-forward data transmission Permits multiple connections to exist simultaneously over the same physical circuit ATM fast packet switching with short, fixed-length packets Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) provide same as private packet-switched network using the public Internet

Network Protocols

TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING

KEY ELEMENTS OF

Protocol agreed-upon set of rules governing communication among layers or levels of a network

LAN protocols:
Contention bus Token bus Token ring Wireless

IBMs own protocol Systems Network Architecture (SNA) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) network protocol Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI) Thought to become the only standard for networking Gained momentum until Internet explosion Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Has become the de facto standard for networking today

THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY

Carriers Own or lease the physical plant cabling, satellites, cellular towers, etc. Sell service of transmitting communication from one location to another
Equipment vendors Manufacture and sell LAN software and hardware Includes routers, hubs, wireless access points, digital switches, multiplexers, cellular telephones, modems Service providers Operate networks and deliver services through the network Provide access to or services via the Internet (such as AOL, Microsoft Network, Yahoo!, and many ISPs

Network Planning

Background
Telecommunication networks architectures are changing to meet new requirements for a number of services/applications (Broadband, IP, Multimedia, mobile, etc.). New generation equipment (soft switches, databases, service controllers, new protocols and interfaces, etc.) and new call/mix traffic cases are going to be introduced in the networks. Different solutions/network architectures can be taken into account for a smooth transition from existing network infrastructures (PSTN/PLMN) towards New Generation Network (NGN) as a result of the convergence process leading to different applications/services sharing network infrastructures. The planning tool PLANITU, capable of dealing with some new traffic cases, can be considered a tool to introduce people to the Network Planning. However, any real Network Planning case should be dealt with using other powerful and modern tools available in the market.

Planning Strategy
Considering the different solutions/network architectures that exist, each Network Planning case has to be analyzed and dealt with by using more than just one planning tool. maintaining and updating a unique tool is not the correct strategy to be applied for Network Planning. Theory:: The major concerned telecommunication Companies normally use different tools for network Planning. Network Planning should be dealt with as follows: a) First to analyze the Network Planning case, taking into account the different technical aspects of the issue. b) Second after reaching the best solution in terms of cost and technical validity, to look for the appropriate partnership for the specific Network Planning case. (Vendor-Service Provider Partnership) c) Third Implementation of the Project under the coordination and/or supervision of technology Vendor. (Managed
Services)

Network planning The selection of new technology hinges on

1> projected needs 2> network development planning.

The needs may be substantially different in urban, semi urban and rural areas, : infrastructure and technology requirements will differ. In choosing technologies for a new or existing telecommunication network, a very wide range of factors need to be considered. The most difficult component of the network to build, and the least cost-effective to maintain, has proved to be the local access network.

Network planning The technology shall be of low cost, easy to maintain and adapted to the local environment.
The rural population will need to be connected to the information world. Choosing efficient and cost-effective and fast-deployment technologies such as wired and wireless networks will improve accessibility. The architecture of the information and communication infrastructure is changing to accommodate the requirements of a growing number of ICT-enabled services/applications (broadband, IP, mobile, multimedia, streaming, multicasting, etc.) and evolving to next generation networks (NGN).

Network planning
New-generation technology is being introduced in the networks, speeding up the convergence process, and planners to apply different specialized up-to-date planning tools. Network planning is a critical issue for network operators and network service providers in a time of globalization and intense competition. The current telecommunication market requires flexible and adaptive network planning methodologies for evolving network architectures to NGN. There will be a need for powerful software tools to assist operators in developing their networks. ITU provides with appropriate planning tools suitable for specific network planning requests.

Network Planning Taking into account the considerations, and in order to contribute to bridging the digital divide, this planning should apply the following measures: a) providing advice on the design, deployment and maximization of digital networks at an increased pace, including the roll-out of wireline broadband technologies such as, but not limited to, opticalfibre, xDSL, CATV, power-line and wireless broadband technologies, and the establishment of satellite earth stations; b) facilitating the design, production and availability of digital terminal equipment; c) enhancing technical skills and management know-how;

Network Planning
d) promoting people's access to ICT, thereby also improving quality of service; e) encouraging research on the information society, extensive networking, interoperability of ICT infrastructure, tools and services/applications to facilitate accessibility of ICTs for all; f) optimizing connectivity among major information networks via regional ICT backbones in order to reduce interconnection costs and optimize the routing of traffic.

Overview of network planning

Network planning activities evolve with the proper evolution of the network, the services, the technologies, the market and the regulatory environment. These evolutions imply a wide set of options to implement : a network, the importance of planning and analysis for alternatives have larger impact on the network capabilities in order to achieve the needed capacities, the associated quality of service and the required investments. (Business Goals) For general feasibility -- to economically justify the move towards the evolving architectures -- one should pay attention to planning of investments and services in a manner which makes sure there is no costly over-investment nor bad utilisation of already earlier made investments, and at the same time ensures smooth migration of the services for the large amount of existing subscribers.

Network Planning will review the aspects that a planner is confronted with when taking decisions on what to do in the network evolution, when to perform the changes, how to perform the corresponding actions and which processes to follow. Considerations for network evolution : The technologies (NGN, 2G to 3G. xDSL, FTTx, WDM, etc., New regulation and competition (market share, service promotion,, etc.) New services in the market (VoIP, VOD, UMS, MMS, etc.), Service/platforms convergence through different technologies and pending communication coverage (Geo areas not covered, population not served, network expansion, etc.)

Overview of network planning

Requirements to the planners

Under the evolutionary context, the planner is confronted to a number of requirements in order to provide answers to the following needs: o Business Oriented Needs What are the best customer segments to address in multimedia? Which new services have to be introduced through time? What is the best service bundling per customer type? How to increase market share? How to maximize revenues? How to reduce capital expenditure? How to reduce operational expenditure?

 Network Oriented Needs

Requirements to the planners

How to forecast multimedia services and related traffic demands? How many nodes to install, especially for NGN? What is best location for new systems and related communication media? What is the best network architecture and routing in NGN? Best balance between built and lease for infrastructure? How to plan capacity evolution and solutions migration towards NGN and towards 3G? How to converge service applications and platforms through different access technologies? How to ensure SLA and protection level?

Requirements to the planners

Operation Support Needs How to evaluate alternatives for direct operation and outsourcing? How to organize and engineer the new operation processes?
Which IT applications ensure an efficient support to operation? How to train labor force on the new operational activities?

Requirements to the planners

Other Miscellaneous Needs Regulatory & Licensing issues Options for Infrastructure sharing. Long Distance ( national & international) traffic handling options Roaming related options Bundled device/services options. Requirements of Financial Institutions / Investors.

Typical network planning tasks

The most typical tasks that the planner has to perform to solve the complexity associated to the previous requirements are summarized as follows: Initial situation analysis for economy, customers, services and network Problem partitioning Data gathering Definition of alternatives per scenario Mapping solutions per scenario Design, dimensioning, location and costing Optimization Sensitivity analysis to uncertain variables Plan finalization Documenting.

 Network planning addresses all the activities related to the definition of the network evolution in order to allow the transport of an expected amount of traffic demands, taking into account a set of requirements and constraints. Depending on the timescale of the network evolution problem under study, three different planning activities can be performed:

Definition

Long-term planning (LTP), whose objectives are to define and dimension the network parts which are characterized by a long lifetime and large investments for their deployment.

Definition

Medium-term planning (MTP), whose framework should emphasis the behavior and the relationships among the sets of entities (nodes, links, sub networks) and the list of planning actions and procedures which are involved when planning a network to guarantee the convergence towards the established long term plans. Therefore, MTP should have as an objective the capacity upgrading of the network nodes and links; always, following the long-term (LT) deployment strategies of the optical network . Short Term Planning (STP), that determines the routes and the telecommunications systems that support a demand. That is, the network has to satisfy the current telecommunications demands with the already installed capacities without additional capital investments.