16physics - Lecture - 03 May 2014

MS101: Physics
Chapter 16: Electric Forces and Fields

Dr. Ahmed Amin Hussein
01007903935

ahussein32125@gmail.com
2013-2014
29 April 2014 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin 1
Chapter 16: Electric Forces and Fields
Electric Charge
Conductors & Insulators
Coulombs Law
Electric Field
Motion of a Point Charge in a Uniform E-field
Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium
Gausss Law
29 April 2014 Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Amin
2
16.1 Electric Charge
There are two kinds of electric charge: positive and negative.
A body is electrically neutral if the sum of all the charges in a
body is zero.
Charge is a conserved quantity.
Electrical Charge
An object with an excess of electrons
is negatively charged.
An object with too few electrons (too
many protons) is positively charged.
An object with the same number of
electrons and protons is neutral.
Charge is Conserved
Electric charge is conserved -
Electric charge moves from one place to
another - no case of the net creation or
destruction of electric charge has ever
been observed.
In solids, only electrons can move.
In liquids, gasses, and plasmas, both positive
and negative ions are free to move.
Electric Charge
Objects can lose or gain electric
charges.

The net charge is also sometimes called
excess charge because a charged object
has an excess of either positive or
negative charges.

A tiny imbalance in either positive or
negative charge on an object is the
cause of static electricity.
Units of Charge
The SI unit of charge is the Coulomb.

1 Coulomb = the charge of 6.24 x 10
18

electrons
Conservation of Charge
Charged particles can be transferred from one object to another, but the total amount of
charge is conserved.
Example: An object with 5 excess units of positive charge and another with 2 units of
excess negative charge are released from rest and attract each other.
(By Newtons 3
rd
law, the forces are equal strength, opposite directions, but their
accelerations depend on their masses too.) Since there is no net force on the system, their
center of mass does not accelerate, and they collide there.
As they fall toward each other, electric potential energy is converted to kinetic energy.
When contact is made charge may be exchanged but they total amount before and after
must be the same. After the collision the total momentum must still be zero.
+5 -2
Before
Total charge: +3
+1.5 +1.5
After
Total charge: +3
The elementary unit of charge is e = 1.60210
-19
C.
The charge on the electron is 1e.
The charge on the proton is +1e.
The charge on the neutron is 0e.
Experiments show that likes charges will repel each other and unlike charges will
attract each other and that the force decreases with increasing distance between
charges.
The charge of an object, Q, is always a multiple of this elementary charge: Q = N e,
where N is an integer.
Electric Charge
All ordinary matter contains both positive
and negative charge.

You do not usually notice the charge
because most matter contains the exact
same number of positive and negative
charges.

An object is electrically neutral when it has
equal amounts of both types of charge.
An object can become polarized if the charges within it can
be separated.
+
+
+
+
+

This body is electrically neutral.
By holding a
charged rod near
the body, it can
be polarized.
+
+ +
+
+

+ +
+ +
+
Polarization
Bringing a charged object near (but not
touching) a neutral object polarizes
(temporarily separates) the charge of
the neutral object.
Like charges in the neutral object are
repelled by the charged object.
Unlike charges in the neutral object are
attracted by the neutral object.
The neutral object returns to normal
when the charged object is removed.
Electric Dipoles
An object that is electrically neutral
overall, but permanently polarized, is
called an electric dipole.
Example: H
2
0 molecule
Example (text problem 16.4): A metallic sphere has a charge
of +4.0 nC. A negatively charged rod has a charge of 6.0
nC. When the rod touches the sphere, 8.210
9
electrons are
transferred. What are the charges of the sphere and the rod
now?
Each electron has a charge 1.60210
-19
C so the total
charge transferred is (8.210
9
1.60210
-19
) 1.3 nC.
The rod is left with 6.0 nC + 1.3 nC = 4.7 nC of charge
and the sphere now has +4.0 nC 1.3 nC = +2.7 nC of
charge.
16.2 Conductors and Insulators
A conductor is made of material that allows electric charge to move through it
easily.
An insulator is made of material that does not allow electric charge to move
through it easily.
Insulators vs. Conductors
A conductor is a material in which excess charge freely flows. Metals are typically
excellent conductors because the valence (outer shell) electrons in metal atoms are
not confined to any one atom. Rather, they roam freely about a metal object. Metal
are excellent conductors of electricity (and heat) for this reason.
An insulator is a material in which excess charge, for the most part, resides where it
is deposited. That is, once placed, it does not move. Most nonmetallic material are
good insulators. Valence electrons are much more tightly bound to the atoms and are
not free to roam about. Insulators are useful for studying electrostatics (the study of
charge that can be localized and contained).
Semi-conductors, like silicon used in computer chips, have electrical conductivity
between that of conductors and insulators.
Conductors & Insulators
Materials in which charges are free to
move about are called conductors.
Materials in which charges are not
free to move about are called
insulators.

Semiconductors
Semiconductors are materials which
are good insulators in pure form, but
their conducting properties can be
adjusted over a wide range by
introducing very small amounts of
impurities.
Silicon, germanium, etc.
Transistors, computer chips, etc.
Superconductors
Superconductors are materials that
lose all resistance to charge
movement at temperatures near
absolute zero (0 K or about -273
o
C).
Recently, high temperature (above
100 K) superconductors have been
discovered.
16.3 Coulombs Law
2
2 1
r
q q k
F =
The magnitude of the force
between two point charges is:
where q
1
and q
2
are the charges, r is the separation between
the two charges and k = 8.9910
9
Nm
2
/C
2
.
2 2 12
0
0
/Nm C 10 85 . 8 and
4
1
where

= = c
tc
k
and c
0
is called the permittivity of free space.
r
q
1
q
2

F
21
F
12

r
q
1

q
2

F
21

F
12

The electric force is directed between the centers of the two
point charges.
The electric force is an example of a long-range or field
force, just like the force of gravity.
Attractive force
between q
1
and q
2
.
Repulsive force
between q
1
and q
2
.
Example: What is the net force on the charge q
1
due to the
other two charges? q
1
= +1.2 C, q
2
= 0.60 C, and q
3
=
+0.20 C.
The net force on q
1
is F
net
= F
21
+ F
31

F
31

F
21

u
The magnitudes of the forces are:
Example continued:
( )
N 10 8 . 3
m) 5 . 0 ( m) 2 . 1 (
) C 10 60 . 0 )( C 10 2 . 1 ( /C Nm 10 9
3
2 2
6 6 2 2 9
2
21
2 1
21

=
+

= =
r
q q k
F
( )
N 10 5 . 1
m) 2 . 1 (
) C 10 20 . 0 )( C 10 2 . 1 ( /C Nm 10 9
3
2
6 6 2 2 9
2
31
3 1
31

=

= =
r
q q k
F
Example continued:
The components of the net force are:
N 10 0 . 2 cos
3
21 31 , 21 , 31 , net

= + = + = u F F F F F
x x x
N 10 4 . 1 sin 0
3
21 , 21 , 31 , net

= + = + = u F F F F
y y y
Where from the figure
38 . 0
m 1.3
m 5 . 0
sin
92 . 0
m 1.3
m 2 . 1
cos
= =
= =
u
u
Example continued:
The magnitude of the net force is:
N 10 4 . 2
3 2
, net
2
, net net

= + =
y x
F F F
=
= =
35
70 . 0 tan
, net
, net
|
|
x
y
F
F
The direction of the net force is:
Example (text problem 16.11): What is the ratio of the electric
force and gravitational force between a proton and an
electron separated by 5.310
-11
m (the radius of a Hydrogen
atom)?
2
2 1
2
2 1
r
m Gm
F
r
q q k
F
g
e
=
=
kg 10 11 . 9
kg 10 67 . 1
31
2
27
1
2 1
= =
= =
= =
e
p
m m
m m
e q q
The ratio is:
39
2
2 1
2 1
10 3 . 2 = = =
p e g
e
m Gm
ke
m Gm
q q k
F
F
MCQ- 1-B
How many electrons does it take to make one
coulomb of negative charge?

A. 1.00 10
9

B. 6.25 10
18

C. 6.02 10
23

D. 1.66 10
18

E. 2.24 10
4

MCQ- 2-D
Arrange the following from
smallest to largest.

A. mC, C, nC, pC
B. C, mC, pC, nC
C. nC, pC, mC, C
D. pC, nC, C, mC
E. nC, pC, C, mC
MCQ- 1-C
Three point charges are positioned as follows: q
1
is at
(0.00 m, 0.00 m), q
2
is at (1.20 m, 0.00 m), and q
3
is
at (1.20 m, 1.60 m). If all three charges are negative,
into which quadrant is the force on q
1
pointing?
A. 1
st

B. 2
nd

C. 3
rd

D. 4
th

E. there isn't enough information in the problem to
solve this
HW - 1
+0.80 C
-0.60 C
+1.0 C
8
.
0

c
m

Three point charges are
fixed in place in a right
triangle. What is the electric
force on the -0.60 C
charge due to the other two
charges?
HW - 2
+0.80 C
-0.60 C
+1.0 C
8
.
0

c
m

Three point charges are
fixed in place in a right
triangle. What is the electric
force on the +1.0 C charge
due to the other two
charges?
HW - 3
A total charge of 7.50 X 10
-6
C is distributed on two
different small metal spheres. When the spheres are
6.00 cm apart, they each feel a repulsive force of
20.0 N. How much charge is on each sphere. (6.21
C and 1.29 C)
Electric Force Example
+
+
15 m
A proton and an electron are separated by 15 m. They are released from rest. Our goal is
to find the acceleration each undergoes at the instant of release.
1. Find the electric force on each particle.

2. Find the gravitational force on each particle. A protons mass is 1.67 10
-27
kg, and an
electrons mass is 9.11 10
-31
kg.

3. Find the net force on each and round appropriately. Note that the gravitational force is
inconsequential here.

4. Find the acceleration on each particle.

5. Why couldnt we use kinematics to find the time it would take the particles to collide?
1.024 10
-18
N
4.51 10
-58
N
1.024 10
-18
N
e
-
: 1.124 10
12
m/s
2
,

p
+
:

6.13 10
8
m/s
2
r changes, so F changes, so a changes.
System of 3 Charges
17 cm
14 cm
115
+3 C
-5 C
+2 C
A
C
B
In a system of three point charges, each charge exerts a forces on the other two. So, here
weve got a vector net force problem. Find the net force on charge B. Steps:
1. Find the distance in meters between A and B
using the law of cosines.
2. Find angle B in the triangle using the law of sines.

3. Find F
BA
(the magnitude of the force on charge
B due to charge A).
4. Find F
BC
.
5. Break up the forces on B into components
and find the net horiz. & vertical forces.

6. Determine F
net
on B.

0.261947 m
36.027932
0.786981 N
4.591836 N
3.78 N (right) , 1.25 N (up)
3.98 N at18.3 N of E
System of 4 Charges
-16 C
+9 C -7 C
+25 C
3 cm
4 cm
A
B
C
D
Here four fixed charges are arranged in a rectangle.
Find F
net
on charge D.

Solution:
767.2 N at 59.6 N of W
Hanging Charge Problem
q, m
q, m
L
L
u
mg
T
F
E

Two objects of equal charge and mass are
hung from the same point on a ceiling
with equally long strings. They repel each
other forming an angle u between the strings.
Find q as a function of m, L and u.

Solution: Draw a FBD on one of the
objects, break T into components, and
write net vertical and horizontal equations:
T sin(u / 2) = F
E
, T cos(u / 2) = mg.
Dividing equations and using Coulombs law yields:
mg tan(u / 2) = F
E
= Kq
2
/ r
2
, where r = 2 L sin(u /
2). Thus,
q =
4 L
2
mg tan(u / 2) sin
2
(u / 2)
K
QUESTIONS ?
The End
38
39
16.4 The Electric Field
g F m
g
= Recall :
E F q
e
=
Where g is the strength of
the gravitational field.
Similarly for electric forces
we can define the strength
of the electric field E.
40
2
e
r
Q k
q
F
E = =
For a point charge of charge Q, the
magnitude of the force per unit charge
at a distance r (the electric field) is:
The electric field at a point in space is found by adding all
of the electric fields present.
=
i
i
E E
net
Be careful! The electric
field is a vector!
41
Example: Find the electric field at the point P.
E is a vector. What is its direction?
Place a positive test charge at the point of interest. The
direction of the electric field at the location of the test
charge is the same as the direction of the force on the
test charge.
q
1
= +e
x = 0 m
q
2
= 2e
x = 1 m
P

x = 2 m
x
42
Locate the
positive test
charge here.
Direction of E due
to charge 2
Direction of E due
to charge 1
q
1
= +e q
2
= 2e
P
x
Example continued:
P
q
1
= +e q
2
= 2e
x
43
The net electric field at point P is:
2 1 net
E E E + =
The magnitude of the electric field is:
2 1 net
E E E =
Example continued:
44
Example continued:
( )
N/C 10 6 . 3
m) 2 (
) C 10 6 . 1 ( /C Nm 10 9
10
2
19 2 2 9
2
1
1

=

= =
r
q k
E
( )
N/C 10 9 . 2
m) 1 (
) C 10 6 . 1 * 2 ( /C Nm 10 9
9
2
19 2 2 9
2
2
2

=

= =
r
q k
E
N/C 10 5 . 2
9
2 1 net

= = E E E
The net E-field is
directed to the left.
45
Electric field lines
Electric field lines are a useful way to indicate what the
magnitude and direction of an electric field is in space.
Rules:
1. The direction of the E-field is tangent to the field lines at
every point in space.
2. The field is strong where there are many field lines and
weak where there are few lines.
3. The field lines start on + charges and end on charges.
4. Field lines do not cross.
46
Pictorial representation of the rules on the previous slide:
47
16.5 Motion of a Point Charge in a
Uniform E-Field
A region of space with a uniform
electric field containing a particle
of charge q (q > 0) and mass m.
48
FBD for the
charge q
E
m
q
a
ma qE F
ma F F
e
e x
=
= =
= =
Apply Newtons 2
nd
Law and
solve for the acceleration.
F
e

x
y
One could now use the kinematic equations to solve for
distance traveled in a time interval, the velocity at the end of
a time interval, etc.
49
Example: What electric field strength is needed to keep an
electron suspended in the air?
FBD for the
electron:
x
y
F
e

w
To get an upward force on the electron, the electric field
must be directed toward the Earth.
50
Apply Newtons 2
nd
Law:
N/C 10 6 . 5
0
11
= =
= =
=
= =
e
mg
E
mg eE qE
w F
w F F
e
e y
Example continued:
51
Example (text problem 16.50): A horizontal beam of electrons
moving 4.010
7
m/s is deflected vertically by the vertical
electric field between two oppositely charged parallel plates.
The magnitude of the field is 2.0010
4
N/C.
(a) What is the direction of the field between the plates?
From the top plate to the bottom plate
52
(b) What is the charge per unit area on the plates?
0 0
c
o
c
= =
A
Q
E
This is the electric field
between two charged plates.
( )( )
2 7
2 2 12 4
0
C/m 10 77 . 1
/Nm C 10 85 . 8 N/C 10 00 . 2
=
= = c o E
Note that E here is independent of the distance from
the plates!
Example continued:
53
FBD for an electron
in the beam:
(c) What is the vertical deflection d of the electrons as
they leave the plates?
( )m/s 8 . 9 10 52 . 3
15
= = =
=
= =
g
m
qE
g
m
F
m
w F
a
ma w F F
e e
y
y e y
Apply Newtons 2
nd
Law and solve for the acceleration:
x
y
F
e

w
Example continued:
54
What is the vertical position of the electron after it travels
a horizontal distance of 2.0 cm?
2
0
2
1
t a t v x x
x ox
+ + =
0
sec 10 0 . 5
m/s 10 4.0
m 0.02
10
7
0
0

=
=
x
v
x x
t
2
0
2
1
t a t v y y
y oy
+ + =
0
m 10 4 . 4
2
1
4 2
0

= = = t a d y y
y
Time interval to
travel 2.00 cm
horizontally
Deflection of an
electron in the
beam
Example continued:
55
16.6 Conductors in Electrostatic
Equilibrium
Conductors are easily polarized. These materials have free
electrons that are free to move around inside the material.
Any charges that are placed on a conductor will arrange
themselves in a stable distribution. This stable situation is
called electrostatic equilibrium.
56
When a conductor is in electrostatic equilibrium, the E-field
inside it is zero.
Any net charge must reside on the surface of a conductor
in electrostatic equilibrium.
57
Just outside the surface of a conductor in electrostatic
equilibrium the electric field must be perpendicular to the
surface.
If this were not true, then any surface
charge would have a net force acting
on it, and the conductor would not be
in electrostatic equilibrium.
58
Any excess charge on the
surface of a conductor will
accumulate where the
surface is highly curved
(i.e. a sharp point).
59
16.7 Gausss Law
+Q
Enclose a point
charge +Q with an
imaginary sphere.
Here, E-field lines exit the sphere.
60
Look at a small patch
of the surface of the
imaginary sphere.
With a positive charge
inside the sphere you
would see electric field
lines leaving the surface.
61
Recall that
A
E
lines field of number
It is only the component of the electric field that is

perpendicular to the surface that exits the surface.
EA lines field of number so that the
E
u
Surface
E
perp

E
par

62
Define a quantity called flux, which is related to the number
of field lines that cross a surface:
( )A E A E u cos flux
e
= = u =

This angle u is measured from
the normal to the surface.
Flux > 0 when field lines exit the surface and flux < 0
when field lines enter the surface.
E
u
normal
63
Example (text problem 16.62): Find the electric flux through
each side of a cube of edge length a in a uniform electric field
of magnitude E.
A cube has six sides: The field lines enter one face and
exit through another. What is the flux through each of
the other four faces?
64
The flux through the left face is EA.
The flux through the right face is +EA.
The net flux through the cube is zero.
There is zero electric flux though the other four faces.
The electric field lines never enter/exit any of them.
Example continued:
65
This is Gausss Law.
0
inside
c
Q
e
= u
The flux through a surface depends on the amount of
charge inside the surface. Based on this, the cube in
the previous example contained no net charge.
Since Eq, the flux through a surface can also be written as
66
Summary
Properties of Conductors/Insulators
Charge Polarization
Coulombs Law
The Electric Field
Motion of a Point Charge in an Electric Field
Gausss Law

16physics - Lecture - 03 May 2014

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MS101: Physics

Chapter 16: Electric Forces and Fields

It is only the component of the electric field that is

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