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http://archive.greenpeace.org/~ozone/galler y/sshow/sshow.html
Video show
Our atmosphere
Troposphere:
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[1]
The lowest layer (about 15 km from the ground) Contains normal air composed of N2, O2, water vapour, CO2, etc. Temperature decreases with altitude
Stratosphere:
Above the troposphere Temperature increases with altitude Contains a lot of ozone (ozone layer):
Found in the stratosphere between 10 - 50km above the ground Protects us from the harmful effects of UV of certain wavelengths Decrease in ozone concentration Increase in UV-B radiation reaching the earth surface
O2 + sunlight O + O O + O2 O3
Ozone formation
Ozone (O3)
[2]
Chemically forms when UV hits on stratosphere Oxygen molecules dissociate into atomic oxygen
O2
O+O
Atomic oxygen quickly combines with other oxygen molecules to form ozone
O + O2
O3
Ozone formation
Ozone (O3)
[3]
Split and regenerate repeatedly Highest concentration in the upper atmosphere Concentration decreases at lower altitudes
Ozone formation
Ozone (O3)
[1]
Made up of three oxygen atoms Occurs naturally as a layer in the stratosphere The layer is thinnest around the equator and the concentration increases towards the poles The amount of ozone above a point on the earths surface is measured in Dobson units (DU)
~ 260 DU near the Tropics higher elsewhere
What is CFCs?
[1]
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Composed of elements chlorine, fluorine, and carbon Developed in 1930 by DuPont CFCs were welcomed by industries:
Low toxicity Chemical stability Cheap
Usage:
As refrigerants As blowing agents For making flexible foam As cleaning agents As propellants
What is CFCs?
[2]
Present situation
enlarging large enough to cover most of the North America would take at least 50 years to restore
Halogen atoms catalyze ozone layer depletion by destroying ozone molecules and forming oxygen molecules. Much more serious in Antarctica than other regions on the planet
CFCs has long life span and very stable, it continuous to attack the ozone layer and more UV-B reach our earth.
Health
Sunburn,
eye diseases (cataract), skin cancer. Reduce our immune system other diseases
Food supply
Reduce
Reduces plankton population Reduces penguin population Reduces the percentage of hatching of frog eggs
Air pollution
Forming
photochemical smog
[1]
Ban the use of CFCs as aerosol propellants The Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer in 1985
Governments committed themselves to protect the ozone layer and to co-operate with each other to improve understanding of ozone crisis.
[2]
SunWise School Program by EPA of the US Phaseout of production of CFCs Substitutes for CFCs
1. How do scientists monitor the ozone level in the stratosphere? Are the measurements accurate? Monitoring a. 1970s - 67 measuring stations at ground level - uneven distribution - too short to identify statistically significant trends. - calculations contain inherent uncertainties incomplete scientific description built in the computer programme. b. 1979 - Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer on satellites (TOMS) - global data available
Seriousness of ozone depletion: 1992 - average ozone concentration is 2-3% lower than before Northern parts of Europe and Canada 20% lower in 93 winter Antarctic - 50-90% lower every winter
4. Why was there such a great difference in terms of the attitudes of policy makers in the US and Europe towards the warning of scientists about CFCs in the 70's?
Attitudes of policy makers US - NAS and EPA support scientists warning of the problem and recommend banning wide coverage in the media increased public concern
Britain - Environmental Depths report with a cautious tone, against the need for precipitate action public debate of lower profile
6. What do you think make policy makers sign the Montreal Protocol?
Public pressure because of growing public, scientific and political concern.
7. Why are there exceptions for developing countries for the Protocol?
Exceptions for developing countries - because they do not have the technology to switch to alternatives, refuse to sign the protocol. - to encourage them to participate in the protocol. - growing domestic needs and potential markets for CFCs.
8. Why don't developing countries agree to the standards of the Protocol? What can be done to make them cut their use of CFCs? Financial and technological aids can help LDCs to cut CFCs use
9. What are the reactions of business to the Montreal Protocol? Reactions of business - finding substitutes - developing new technologies - surprising results: save money & improve performance
10. Other than stopping CFC production, what other remedial work should be done? Are there any obstacles to these?
Other remedial work - to develop systems for recovery & recycling the chemicals already used.
Obstacles - technical challenge, diplomatic challenge
11. What are the alternatives for CFCs? Are they expensive? Who will promote the use of these alternatives?
Alternatives for CFCs - ammonia, propane, water - cheap because abundant and not patented - scientists and business which foresee the advantage of using such alternatives (energy saving, cheap), but not chemical companies
12. Are there any relationships between the Greenhouse Effect and ozone depletion? Similarities between GHE and Ozone Depletion issue - long-term environmental impact which affect future generations, e.g. food supply - prediction of future impact involves scientific uncertainties
- global problem - difficult to impose environmental regulations - clash with economic interests or conflicts among countries - no immediate action to deal with the problem although many conference concerning about this problem.
13. Contrast the reactions of policy makers towards the issue of global warming and ozone depletion. Why do you think there's such a difference in attitudes?
- Policy makers have taken action for the ozone issue before there is scientific proof (1985: Vienna Convention; proof came in 1987) but not GHE - reasons: - image of a hole in the sky, through which pour deadly cancer-causing rays exerted a powerful hold on the public imagination great pressure on policy makers to do something
- effect of ozone depletion already felt with reports of increase in cancer risk e.g. in Australia - effects of GHE do not create so much disturbance among average citizens; melting of ice, flooding, species extinction: seem not to be direct effects on individuals' well-being
Discussion
Naturally, there is a balance of ozone formation and depletion. What disturb this balance? What are the functions of the ozone layer? How to reduce emission of ozone depleting substances? Do you agree that people living in the southern hemisphere are more prone to skin cancer than those living in the northern hemisphere? Why?
Relevant websites
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Relevant websites
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