1.

DEGRADASI TANAH DAN LAHAN

Degradasi/kerusakan tanah dan lahan, penyebab degradasi, intensitas dan luasan lahan degradasi di Indonesis

Land and Soil

What is land: Formal definition: an area of the earths surface... . . . including all reasonably stable, or predictably cyclic, attributes vertically above and below it . . . . . . including those of the atmosphere, the soil and underlying geology, the hydrology, the biosphere (plant and animal populations), and the results of past and present human activity, to the extent that these affect its function (adapted from FAO 1976 Framework for Land Evaluation)

What is soil
2c

As a natural body: Forms at the earths surface...

as a result of pedogenetic processes

As a functional unit: The interface between

? lithosphere (rocks, solid earth)

?Atmosphere
? hydrosphere (water, both free and bound) ?Biosphere (plants, animals, ?-organisms)

?anthrosphere (people)
Dari kepentingan pertanian tanah: adalah .
9

Soil SoilScience Science

What is land and soil degradation?

Loss of function of the land and/or soil Reduces the capacity of the land to provide goods - productive land uses - environmental reactor - social goods

What is soil degradation

It generally refers to the decline in soil's inherent capacity to produce economic goods and perform ecologic functions (Lal, 1993). Soil degradation is defined as a process that causes deterioration of soil productivity and low soil utility as a result of natural or anthropogenic factors (Ayoub, 1991; Mashali 1991; UNEP Staff, 1992; Wim and El Hadji, 2002). It can be the result of one or more of several factors which are potential threats for soil.

Degradation vs. natural hazards

Degradation is typically gradual as opposed to catastrophes the concept of degradation includes increased risk of catastrophe, but that is better considered as a natural hazard

Macam Degradasi

Causes of soil degradation

Causes of soil degradation

Soil erosion

sheet, rill and gully erosion in fine-silty soil;

Soil Scie nce

27

soil compaction as a result of agricultural equipment operation

NL62:SEnschede

23

Soil Science

Soil from river Rhine sediments (clayey); excellent subsoil structure; under grassland

under cropping; plowed and trafficked when too wet; sub soil structure destroyed

Laterzation

Hardsetting soil

salinization and alkalinization

columnar structure; sealed surface from excess sodium salts; positive feedback to more degradation

BO98-28: Valle Alto, Cochabamba, Bolivia

31

Soil Scie nce

saltcrust

BO98-28: Valle Alto, Cochabamba, Bolivia

32
3 2

Soil Scie nce

So ilScien ce

salt flats: this was the garden of the Andes in Bolvar s time BO98-30: Valle Alto, Cochabamba, Bolivia
33

Soil Scie nce

completely salt-saturated soil

UT99-15: Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
So ilScien ce
3 4

Land and soil degradation : chemical

Organicmatter and nutrient depletion Soil pollution due to excessive fertilizer and pesticide Mining activities Industrial activities

degradation due SOM andnutrient depletion

Chemical degradation

degradation due to pestiside

degradation due to pestiside

degradation due to Fertilizers

Pupuk dan pestisida berlebihan

Tambang galian C

Tambang emas Nemont Sumbawa

Tambang emas rakyat

degradation due to Industry activities

degradation due to Industry activities

Biological degradation

Deforestation and fire

The areas concern for soil degradation

The extent of soil degradation

Luasan terdegradasi
World scale : UNITED NATIONS GLOBAL LAND ASSESSMENT OF DEGRADATION (GLASOD)

22% OF AGRICULTURAL LAND WORLDWIDE 38% OF CROPLAND

HAS BEEN SUBJECT TO ONE OR MORE KNDS OF DEGRADATION. 2 BILLION HECTARES: 83% BY EROSION, 12% BY CHEMICAL DEGRADATION 5% BY PHYSICAL DEGRADATION 70 MILLION (ABOUT 3% OF DEGRADED LAND) IS SO BADLY DEGRADED THAT DAMAGE CANNOT BE REPAIRED.

(th delapan puluhan masih sekitar 1,3 milyard ha. Elswaify et al., 1980S)

 Luas dan penyebaran lahan kritis di Indonesia: 77.806.880 ha 47.610.080(agakterdegad; 23.306.333 (terdeg);6.890.566 (sangat terdeg)
Propinsi agak terdegr(ha) terdegradasi (ha) sangatterdegr (ha) Jumlah (ha)

1 Aceh 1.205.241 2. Sumut 3.256.903 3Riau 4.701.516 4Kep. Riau 5SumBar 1.601.638 6Jambi 1.586.684 7Bengkulu 708.934 8SumSel 1.580,908 9BaBel 95.756 10Lampung1.197.984 11Banten 67.112 12DKI Jakarta 13JaBar 248.245 14JaTeng 685.547 15DIY 94.064 16JaTim 1.008.648

395.686 1.526.958 2.306.658 239.433 614.116 545.218 2.085.364 261.615 329.055 51.981 140.8941 233.2992 43.548 533.841

7.343 434.767 108.355 169.598 4.774 163.729 739.484 314.842 186.408 90.425 9.487 8.225 1.111 247.114

1.668.264 5.218.628 7.116.530 1.470.670 2.205.575 1.417.883 4.405.757 672.213 1.723.447 209.518 408.626 947.071 138.723 1.789.604

 Luas dan penyebaran: Propinsi sangat terdegr(ha) terdegradasi (ha) agak terdegr (ha) Jumlah (ha) 17Kalbar 8.203.886 1.840.181 16.123 10.060.191 18KalTen 2.972.566 1.939.143 1.267.743 6.179.453 19KalTim 8.526.149 1.015.615 38.074 9.579.839 20KalSel 1.531.973 511.821 54.771 2.098.564 21SulUt 471.155 229.225 28.039 728.421 22Gorontalo 426.276 202.789 62.987 682.054 23SulTeng 206.797 113.179 103.308 423.284 24SulTengr 1.520.034 919.467 365.133 2.804.635 25SulSel 993.567 245.319 330.936 1.569.813 26SulBar 27Bali 114.231 51.639 4.281 170.151 28NTB 547.557 236.898 68.833 853.288 29NTT 1.171.955 2.234.587 985.223 4.391.767 30MalUt 166.388 259.359 292.391 717.138 31Maluku 1.073.577 488.315 123.904 1.685.797 32Papua 1.695.594 2.659.383 311.015 4.575.393 33IrJaBar 579.19 1.041.6382 63.131 1.883.960 Jumlah 47.610.080 23.306.333 6.890.566 77.806.880 Sumber: Balitbang Kehutanan, 2003 (jika ada penjumlahan kurang tepat disebabkan ada pembulatan angka pad masing-masing ckiteria)

Soil degradation in various country

Sources:(https://www.google.co.id/search?q=the+extent+of+soil+and+land+degradation+in+Indonesia&espv=210&es_
sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=GckAU53nK8aPrQfyoYDgCg&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1366&bih=624#facrc=_&imgdii =_&imgrc=sEKD3JOOP_Ce4M%253A%3B5RkPGIU3Cu4vM%3Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.env.go.jp%252Fen%252Fwpaper%252F1992%252Feae210275000001.gif%3Bhttps% 253A%252F%252Fwww.env.go.jp%252Fen%252Fwpaper%252F1992%252Feae210000000020.html%3B509%3B335

Rencana Kuliah 2013/2014

Rencana kuliah Restorasi dan pemeliharaan kualitas tanah Degradasi lahan (pengertian, penyebab, penyebaran) Degradasi lahan (akibat dan cara penentuan) Kualitas dan Mutu Tanah Kualitas dan Mutu tanah Pemeliharaan tanah dan Lahan Restorasi degradasi fisik (stuktur tanah) Restorasi kerusakan fisik (pemadatan) UTS Pencemaran tanah karena pertanian Pencemaran tanah karena Industri dan pertambangan Restorasi kualitas tanah dengan cara kimia Restorasi kualitas dengan cara kimia Restorasi kualitas tanah dengan cara biologi Restorasi kualitas tanah dengan cara biologi Restorasi kualitas tanah dengan cara biologi UAS