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Chapter 4
Frequency Modulation
Carrier
Modulating signal
FM
Increasing fc
Resting fc
Increasing fc
Decreasing fc
Resting fc
PHASE MODULATION
To produce phase modulation, the modulating signal causes the carrier to be phase shifted. The process of PM produces FM. PM is known as indirect FM.
PHASE MODULATION
Modulation
Note: the carrier changes frequency only when the modulating signals amplitude is changing.
Freq. decrease
Freq. increase
Freq. increase
No change
Carrier
No change
No change
No change
FM AND PM COMPARED
With FM, the maximum carrier frequency deviation occurs at the maximum modulating voltages.
Modulating signal
With PM, the maximum carrier frequency deviation occurs at the maximum rate of change of the modulating signal.
Modulating signals
Modulating signals
(Both signals have the same peak amplitude and will produce the same peak deviation.)
PM CAN BE MADE EQUIVALENT TO FM BY REDUCING THE AMPLITUDE OF THE HIGHER FREQUENCY MODULATING SIGNALS
Modulating signals
FM SIDEBANDS
FM and PM also produce sidebands. Unlike AM which produces one pair of sidebands for each modulating frequency, FM and PM produce an infinite number of sidebands. Only a small percentage of the sidebands have significant amplitude. The significant sidebands are determined by the modulation index (m).
MODULATION INDEX
The modulation index (m) is the ratio of the frequency deviation (fd) to the modulating signal frequency (fm). m = fd/ fm
When the maximum values of frequency deviation and modulating signal frequency are used, the calculation produced is called the deviation ratio.
The modulation index determines the number of significant sidebands.
SIDEBAND TABLE
The sideband table gives the relative amplitudes of the carrier and sidebands for a given modulation index. Only sidebands with an amplitude of 1% (.01) or more are considered significant.
The sidebands are spaced from one another by an amount equal to the modulating signal frequency.
BANDWIDTH OF AN FM SIGNAL
The bandwidth (BW) of an FM signal is determined by the number of significant sidebands (N). BW = 2Nfm(max) where fm(max) is the maximum modulating frequency. Carsons rule can also be used to determine the bandwidth. BW = 2(fd(max) + fm(max)).
ADVANTAGES OF FM OVER AM
Less sensitivity to noise. Noise is amplitude variations that are eliminated in the receiver. Capture effect. Only the strongest signal on the receive frequency gets through.
Transmission efficiency. More efficient transmitter amplifiers can be used with FM.
DISADVANTAGES OF FM
Uses excessive spectrum space. As a result, FM can only be used at the high radio frequencies (VHF and above).
END OF CHAPTER 4
FRIDAY: TUTORIAL ON CHAPTER 4FREQUENCY MODULATION.
NEXT WEEK: CHAPTER 5:FREQUENCY MODULATION CIRCUITS