Week 5 Verb Phrase

E_English Grammar Course
Unit 5
Lecture 5. Verb & its complements
Issues
1. Different classifications of English verbs
2. Grammatical categories of the verb
3. Intensive complementation
4. Monotransitive complementation
5. Ditransitive complementation
6. Complextransitive complementation
Click at the underlined to view the whole explanation

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1 Classifications of English verbs

classified Functions of items
Verb according to
= words or phrases Complementation

indicating an action,
an event, or a state
Possibility of admitting
E.g.: kiss, break out, have progressive aspect
Structure
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Verbs according to
Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs

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Verbs according to
Regular E.g.: book, booked, booked
Irregular E.g.: teach, taught, taught

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Verbs according to
Primary
Modal
Marginal
modal auxiliary
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Verbs according to
Primary
• include: do, have, be
• change meaning when becoming a
Modal
full verb
E.g.: I am a student. vs. I am reading. Marginal
modal auxiliary
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Verbs according to
• include: Primary
Can – could
May – Might Modal
Shall-should
Will-would
Must Marginal
modal auxiliary
Ought to
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Verbs according to
Primary
Modal
Marginal
• include: used to, dare, need modal auxiliary
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classified Complementation
Verbs according to
Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

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Verbs according to
• connect S & C E.g.: be, appear, feel, look,

Current copular
• have the pattern: remain, seem
SVC or SVA(obli) E.g.: become, get, go,
Resulting copular
E.g.: I feel tired. grow, turn, make
He’s in the cab.
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Verbs according to
Intransitive
Transitive
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Verbs according to

• require no Object
• have the pattern: SV Intransitive
• make complete sense
themselves Transitive
E.g.: He’s singing.
The baby cried.
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Verbs according to
Mono-transitive
Intransitive
Di-transitive
Transitive
Complex-transitive
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Verbs according to
Mono-transitive
Intransitive
• require one direct Object (Od)

Di-transitive
Transitive
• have the pattern: SVOd
E.g.: Complex-transitive
I kissed her.
He caught the ball.
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Verbs according to
Mono-transitive
Intransitive
Di-transitive
Transitive
Complex-transitive
• require both direct Object (Od) & indirect Object (Oi)
• have the pattern: SVOdOi
E.g.: I gave her such a lovely present.
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Verbs according to
• require Object and Object Complement

(Co) or Obligatory Averbial (A(obli))
• have the pattern: Mono-transitive
SVOCo or SVOA(obli) Intransitive
E.g.: He made me really crazy.
Di-transitive
He sent his son to the kindergarten. Transitive
Complex-transitive
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classified Possibility of admitting
Verbs according to progressive aspect
Stative verbs Dynamic verbs

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Stative verbs
= verbs that show the

Verbs of inert perception &
condition or status recognition
and do not accept the
Relational verbs
progressive aspect
E.g.: I am a boy.
It feels thin.
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Stative verbs

recognition
• adore, astonish, believe, hate, hear,

Relational verbs
impress, know, like, etc.
E.g.: I like you
He said he hated cooking.
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Stative verbs
• apply to, equal, deserve, involve, lack, matter, need, owe, resemble, possess,
sound, tend, etc. recognition
E.g.: She resembles her mother.
Relational verbs
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Dynamic verbs
= verbs that show the action or the
change of status
Verbs of body sensation
E.g.: She learns English.
He hit me. Activity verbs
She is English. ( ‘is’ isn’t
dynamic verb because it denotes a Transitional event verbs
permanent status)
Momentary verbs
Process verbs
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Dynamic verbs
Activities verbs
• ache, hurt, itch, fell, etc.
Transitional event verbs
Momentary verbs
Process verbs
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Dynamic verbs
Activities verbs
Transitional
• ask, eat, help, learn, event
say, throw, verbs
write etc.
Momentary verbs
Process verbs
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Dynamic verbs
Activities verbs
• arrive, land, Momentary

leave, lose,verbs
die etc.
Process verbs
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Dynamic verbs
Activities verbs
• hit, jump, kick, knock, nod, tap etc.
Momentary verbs
Process verbs
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Dynamic verbs
Activities verbs

• change, deteriorate, grow, mature, slow down etc.
Momentary verbs
Process verbs
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1Classifications of English verbs

classified Structure
Verbs according to
One-word verbs Multi-word verbs
Finite + Non-finite
infinitive
ing-participle
ed-participle
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Verbs according to
One-word verbs
• as the name suggests, these are verbs of ONE

WORD
E.g.: change, kiss, make, love, etc.
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Verbs according to
Multi-word verbs
Phrasal verbs
Prepositional verbs
Phrasal-prepositional verbs
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Verbs according to
Multi-word verbs
Phrasal verbs
• make out, call up, put on, take off, give up, etc. verbs
Prepositional
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Verbs according to
Multi-word verbs
Phrasal verbs
Prepositional verbs
Phrasal-prepositional
• look up, clear up, get at, etc. verbs
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Verbs according to
Multi-word verbs
Phrasal verbs
• come up with, make up for, stand in for,Prepositional

put up with,verbs
etc.
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Verbs according to
One-word verbs Multi-word verbs
Finite + Non-finite
Criteria Finite Non-finite
E.g.: I am/ He is
Occurrence in independent clause √ a student.
Tense contrast √
Being a
Person and number concord √
student, she’s
Finite verb inclusion √
hardworking.
Mood distinction √
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2 Grammatical categories of verbs

Grammatical categories of verbs
Tense Aspect Mood Voice
Progressive
Present Indicative Active

Perfective
Past Imperative Passive

Perfective-
progressive
Subjunctive
Simple
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Tense = the correspondence between the form of the verb and

our concept of time
• language specific
• while TIME: universal, non-linguistic
• includes PAST and PRESENT
• no FUTURE TENSE because there’s no verb form
corresponding to future time.
E.g.: She is studying now.
(verb form: ing-participle + present time: now
 present time)
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Aspect • the manner in which a verbal action is experienced or regarded

with respect to time
• progressive aspect: verbal action experienced as in progress
• perfective aspect: verbal action experienced as completed
E.g.: I am writing with a special pen. (progressive aspect)
I have written with a special pen. (perfective aspect)
• Tense & aspect are intermingled.
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Tense & Aspect
Tense Simple Complex

Progressive Perfective Perfect progressive
Aspect
Present Present Present Present Present perfect

simple progressive perfect progressive
Past Past Past progressive Past perfect Past perfect

simple progressive
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Mood = a grammatical category that relates the verb action to such

conditions such as certainty, obligation, necessity, possibility
Indicative = statement of the fact E.g.: She’s nice to me.

(fact - indicative)
Imperative = command, request Be nice to me.
(command - imperative)
Subjunctive = non-fact, unreal I suggest she be nice to me.
(non-fact - subjunctive)
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Subjunctive mood
Mandative
Formulaic
Subjunctive
“were”
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Subjunctive mood
Mandative • Found in “-that clause” (verbs: recommend,

demand,
request, insist, suggest, ask, it is necessary that)
Formulaic • Form: the base
• Aim: to be formal
E.g.: The chairman demands that the farmer kill all
his
Subjunctive chicken.
“were” It is necessary that every student pay the tuition
fee.
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Subjunctive mood
Mandative • Found in clause in certain set expressions

• Form: the base
E.g.: May god bless you.
Formulaic Long live the King.
God save the Queen.
Come what may, we’ll go ahead.
Subjunctive
“were”
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Subjunctive mood
Mandative
• Found in conditional & concessive clauses,

Formulaic
subordinate clauses after verbs like Wish and Suppose
• Form: WERE
• Meaning: hypothetical/unreal
Subjunctive E.g.: If I were rich, I would buy you anything you wanted.
“were” Just suppose everyone were to give up smoking.
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Voice = a grammatical category that makes it possible to view
the action of a sentence in either of two ways, without

change in the facts reported
• include: passive and active voice
E.g.: He ate all the apples. (active)
The dog was bitten by our neighbor. (passive)
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3 Intensive complementation
Intensive verb complementation
(SVC - SVA)
C (complement) A (adverbial)
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(SVC - SVA)
Adjective phrase
Noun phrase
Nominal phrase
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(SVC - SVA)
Adjective phrase E.g.: She is so crazy.

That is ridiculous!
Noun phrase
Nominal phrase
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(SVC - SVA)
Adjective phrase
E.g.: She isn’t a good student.

Noun phrase
It appears the only solution.
Nominal phrase
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(SVC - SVA)
Adjective phrase
Noun phrase
finite clause
Nominal clause
non-finite clause
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(SVC - SVA)
• “that clause”
E.g.: The problem is that it costs a lot.
• “wh-interrogative clause”
Adjective phrase E.g.: The problem is not who will go.
• “nominal relative clause”
E.g.: Quality is what counts most.
Noun phrase
finite clause
Nominal clause
non-finite clause
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(SVC - SVA)
C (complement) • “bare-infinitive clause”A (adverbial)

E.g.: All I did was hit him on the head.
Adjective phrase • “to-infinitive clause” with(out) “Subject” (S)
E.g.: My wish is to be a pilot. (without S)

Noun phrase
The idea is for us to meet at 8. (with S)
finite clause
Nominal phrase • “-ing clause”

E.g.:non-finite clause
Seeing is believing.
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4 Mono-transitive complementation
Mono-transitive verb complementation
(SVO)
Noun phrase Finite clause Non-finite clause

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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Noun phrase
Direct object (O) Prepositional O
With passive
one-word verbs Prepositional verbs
phrasal verbs
Without passive Phrasal prepositional verbs

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With passive
phrasalE.g.:
verbsTom caught the ball.
The ball was caught by Tom.
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With passive
phrasal verbs
E.g.: They passed over the question.

The question was passed over.
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With passive

E.g.: phrasal
She hasverbs
a nice house.
A house is had by her.

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With passive
phrasal verbs
E.g.: The management paid for his
air fares.
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With passive
phrasal verbs
E.g.: He looked down on them.

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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Finite clause
That- clause Wh- clause

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That- clause Wh- clause
Extraposed subject
that-clauseE.g.: I don’t care what you are saying.
Tom doubted whether they would come to the party.
Extraposed object I wondered who did make the bed for me.
that-clause Can you confirm which flight we are taking?
I realized what a fool I had been.
That- clause
I know how busy you are.
as object
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That- clause
That- clause as object
Super-ordinate verbs
Subordinate verbs
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Major Factual
That- clause

Suasive
Emotive
Minor Hypothesis
Subordinate verbs
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Major Factual
That- clause
That- clause as object • introduce what one might generally describe

Suasive information
as factual or propositional
E.g.: They agree/admit/claim that she was
Emotive
misled.
Minor Hypothesis
Subordinate verbs
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Major Factual
That- clause

Suasive
• imply intentions toEmotive

bring about some change
in the future, whether or not these are
Minor Hypothesis
verbally
Subordinate verbs formulated as commands, suggestions, etc
E.g.: The are demanding that she leaves.
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Major Factual
That- clause

Suasive
E.g.: I regret that she worry.
Emotive
Minor Hypothesis
Subordinate verbs
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Major Factual
That- clause

Suasive
Emotive
E.g.: I wish that he were here.
Minor Hypothesis
Subordinate verbs
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That- clause

Indicative verbs
Putative “should”
Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs
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That- clause

Indicative verbs
E.g.: I recommend that he be here.
Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs
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That- clause

Indicative verbs
E.g.: I insist that he shouldn’t smoke.

Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs
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That- clause

Indicative verbs
E.g.: I require that he give up smoking.

Subordinate verbs
Subjunctive verbs
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Mono-transitive verb complementation by a Non-finite clause
With subject Without subject Wh-infinitive clause
To-infinitive clause To-infinitive clause
Ing-participle clause Ing-participle clause

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E.g.: Iclause
Ing-participle don’t like the house to be left
Ing-participle empty.
clause
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To-infinitive clause
E.g.: I dislike To-infinitive
him driving my car. clause

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Ing-participle
E.g.: Maryclause
longed to leaveIng-participle
home. clause
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To-infinitive clause
E.g.: To-infinitive
Mary loves listening clause
to music.

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To-infinitive clauseE.g.: He learned how toclause

To-infinitive sail a boat as a small child.
You must not forget when to keep your mouth shut.
Ing-participle clause I couldIng-participle
not decide clause
(on) which bicycle to buy.
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5 Di-transitive complementation
Di-transitive verb complementation (SVOO)
Od & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite clause
Oi = NP, Od = finite clause
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + Prep
Di-transitive prepositional verbs

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Od & Oi = NP
Oi = NP, Od = non-finite
E.g.: Heclause
gave the girl a doll.

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Od & Oi = NP
E.g.:
Oi = NP, Od =He persuaded
finite clause me to give up smoking.

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Od & Oi = NP
E.g.: He convinced
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP + me
Prepthat he was right.

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• verbs combined with certain NPs followed by prepositions

Od & Oi = NP
 two passive forms of the sentence
• these expressions include: catch sight of, make fun of, take
Oi account
= NP, Odof,
= non-finite
give wayclause
to, etc.
E.g.: They make best use of the garage.
The
Oi = NP, Odgarage
= finiteisclause
made best use of.
Best use is made of the garage.

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• Od introduced by a preposition
Od & Oi = NP
• one passive form with Oi only
• these verbs include: remind of, charge with, compare to,
Oi rob of,Od
= NP, refer to, etc. clause
= non-finite
E.g.: He reminds me of the agreement.
I am reminded of the agreement.
• Exceptions for: explain, provide, supply, blame, etc.
E.g.: He explained it to me.
It was explained
Idiomatic expressions: V + NP to me.
+ Prep
I was explained about it.
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6 Complex-transitive complementation
Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOA - SVOC)
Adjectival Object Complement (Co)
Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
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Complex-transitive verb complementation (SVOdA -

SVOdC)
Nominal Co
E.g.: He drives me crazy.
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
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SVOdC)
Nominal Co
Adverbials
E.g.: The Queen appointed William her personal secretary.
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
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SVOdC)
Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
• Adverbials are obligatory.
Bare-infinitive
E.g.: Take your hands out of your pocket.
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
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SVOdC)
Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
E.g.: John believed the stranger to be a policeman.
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
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SVOdC)
Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
E.g.: You shouldn't let your family interfere with our plans.
Ed-clause
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SVOdC)
Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
E.g.: Tim watched Bill mending the lamp.
Bare-infinitive
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
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SVOdC)
Nominal Co
Adverbials
To-infinitive
Bare-infinitive
E.g.: They found him worn out by travel and exertion.
Ing-clause
Ed-clause
ed-clause
That’s the end of unit 5.

Week 5 Verb Phrase

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E_English Grammar Course

Click at the underlined to view the whole explanation

1 Classifications of English verbs

= words or phrases Complementation

1 Classifications of English verbs

Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs

Regular E.g.: book, booked, booked

Irregular E.g.: teach, taught, taught

1 Classifications of English verbs

Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

Lexical verbs Auxiliary verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

• connect S & C E.g.: be, appear, feel, look,

1 Classifications of English verbs

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

• require one direct Object (Od)

1 Classifications of English verbs

Intensive verbs Extensive verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

• require Object and Object Complement

1 Classifications of English verbs

Stative verbs Dynamic verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

= verbs that show the

1 Classifications of English verbs

Verbs of inert perception &

• adore, astonish, believe, hate, hear,

1 Classifications of English verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

Verbs of body sensation

1 Classifications of English verbs

Verbs of body sensation

1 Classifications of English verbs

Verbs of body sensation

Transitional event verbs

• arrive, land, Momentary

1 Classifications of English verbs

Verbs of body sensation

1 Classifications of English verbs

Verbs of body sensation

Transitional event verbs

1Classifications of English verbs

One-word verbs Multi-word verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs

• as the name suggests, these are verbs of ONE

1 Classifications of English verbs

1 Classifications of English verbs