Korea and Globalization

University of Humanities, Mongolia

KF e-school on-line class
Spring 2014
By Prof. Jung-Suk Youn, Ph. D.
Chung-Ang University
Seoul, Korea
By Prof. Oyundelger Sereeter
University of the Humanities
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
&
April 24 May 1, 2014
FTA
2
ASEAN
MERCOSUR
GCC
EFTA
EU
Singapore
Canada
USA
Russia
India
Japan
Colombia
NZ
Aus.
Peru
Israel
In force or concluded Negotiations Pre-negotiations
China
Korea
Chile
Turkey
Mexico
Koreas Global FTA Networks
What Japan thinks about Globalization?
Until the late 1990:
a. The seniority system and lifetime employment functioned well
Since the financial crises in 1990s:
a. Japans stock market fell drastically
b. Land prices plummeted
c. Credit shrunk
Japan entered into a recession
Japans economy has since rebounded and is growing again
(1) The labor system has changed dramatically:
a. Young workers are increasingly working part-time or
through temporary contract
b. Workers are being promoted via merit, instead of by
years of services
c. Workforce is aging and coupled with a low birthrate
d. Young workforce will increasingly feel the burden of
taking care of the aging population
A leader in the
fields of IT-related
industries,
automobiles and
animation
Japan ranks as
Worlds 3rd
largest economy
Challenges
(2) the integration of women into the upper echelons of the
workforce
a. due to the current system makes it difficult for women to
balance families and careers
talented women emigrate to find better opportunities
Different aspects of how Japan is
dealing with globalization
Globalization
the sense of crisis, raising fears about Japans evaporating
prominence in the world
the deepening sense of real danger in the start of a long
downward trend
a. The nations shrinking and aging population
b. Its drop in international ranking of per capita GDP
c. Its shrinking aid to the developing world
d. The dropping number of Japanese corporations
among the worlds major multinationals
e. Worsening public debts
Japans market vulnerabilities with foreign investors
desertion
now poor prospects for growth and prosperity in
the future at the time it appears in 2007-08
Need of the policy to be geared to reform that will ensure
growth and prosperity (widening income gap)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQKOqTcBQaE&feature=c4-
overview&list=UUrFojK742O1f2ogOCDwoPBw
Professor Chan, of the University of Auckland, discusses his research
on China in global governance. 2013.6.10

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Vi3WTNEXOo&feature=player_embedded
Weihai, China
a tug of war is under way between forces demanding
more attention to the poor and the weaker segment of
the economy, while others advocate relentless pursuit of
reform
Japan simply
cannot afford the
division of this sort
It must grow and
maintain prosperity
The kinds of policies ought to be
geared to reform that will ensure
growth and prosperity in the face
of globalization
Abenomics
Korea ahead of Japan, China in globalization
Korea was ranked 29th ahead of Japan and China in a globalization survey, which
focused on the degree of convenience in the movement of goods and capital.

Asias fourth largest economy earned an average of 4.13 points in Ernst & Youngs
Globalization Index.

The index measures a nations degree of globalization by using its gross domestic
product (GDP) as a comparison basis. China and Japan were listed 39th and 40th,
respectively, garnering 3.56 and 3.47 points.

The Ernest & Young index shows that Korea beat Japan and China in
globalization thanks especially to advantages in the movement of goods and
services category, said Ryu Jin, a spokesman for Ernst & Young Hanyoung, the
Korean partner of the U.K.-based international accounting and consulting
company.
any of the issues involving the Nikeijin and their
return to mainland Japan. Her comparative analysis
between how Japan and Germany treat returning
immigrants was very informative. If you are
researching Japanese immigration or just have an
interest, I highly recommend this book.
very specific on Japanese and Brazilian
immigration, you will find the book very
entertaining. If you are interested in the Nikkeijin,
this is the book for you.

NIKKEIJIN BURAKUMIN
Artist | Hobbyist | Traditional Art
Peru
Mongolia
Russia
United States
Containment
Cold War in East Asia
Globalization Challenges for South Korean Foreign Relations
Globalization Challenges for South Korean Foreign Relations
Since 1997, South Korea was to go beyond traditional concepts and
attitudes, and to strike a judicious balance between realist imperatives
and liberal policy prescriptions
The globalization of diplomatic activities
Seoul Olympic Games in 1988
turning point in the unfolding of South Koreas vigorous
activities in the world community
to host the largest-ever international sports event
a. 161 out of the 167 members of the
International Olympic Committee
b. The Soviet Union and China (no
diplomatic relations)
c. North Korea, Cuba, Albania,
Nicaragua, Ethiopia and the Seychelles
with an opportunity to engage in the sensitive
diplomacy of international sports
programs and to show Koreas economic, technological,
cultural, and social achievements to a global audience
The success of the Olympic inculcated the populace with a sense of
national pride and heightened awareness of internationalism
A new national image
A Vibrant,
Competent, and
Efficient
Modern state
Sports Diplomacy
In 1984 under President Chun Doowhan, International Olympic Committee
assigned the 1988 Olympic to be held in Seoul, South Korea.
in the process of preparing Seoul Olympic, South Korean government began
to contact the socialist countries, with which Korea never had
diplomatic relations.
On the eve of the games, President Roh Tae Woo called Olympiad a grand
festival of global harmony that transcends differences in race,
language, culture, religion, ideology, and political persuasion.
South Korea looked for a powerful impetus to improving its relations with all
nations of the world and especially with North Korea, thereby
opening the door to unification.
The momentum from this sport diplomacy helped to accelerate South Koreas
ambitious Northern Diplomacy aiming at normalization of its diplomatic
and economic relations with the Soviet Union, China, and other socialist
countries.
South Korea attempted:
a. to break out of the Cold War system and
b. to overcome its ideological and security constraints.
South Korea made an inroads in Hungary and other Eastern European
countries in the late 1980s and in the soviet Union in 1990.
In line with his New Thinking and perestroika and glasnost policies, Mikhail
Gorbachev was favorably inclined toward South Koreas diplomatic
initiatives and economic promises, and
a major breakthrough took place in a brief summit meeting between
Roh and Gorbachev in San Francisco on June 4, 1990.
in spite of North Koreas unmistakable warning and protests
Communist
Countries
Northern Diplomacy
Inroad to
Eastern Europe
Northern Diplomacy
In September 1990, South Korea and Soviet Union agreed to normalize
diplomatic relations.
This accord immensely satisfied the South Koreans and enable
them to expand their diplomatic horizons and economic
operations abroad.
South Korea agreed to provide $3 billion in economic assistance to
the Soviet Union.
In December 1990, Roh was able to visit to Moscow and held a second
summit meeting with Gorbachev.
Moscow-Seoul rapprochement is a step toward eliminating the
Cold War in the Asia Pacific region and removing their
longstanding confrontational mentality
Seouls northern diplomacy with the Soviet Union boosted
a. South Koreas efforts to enter the United Nations
b. To sign the Agreement on Reconciliation, Nonaggression and
Exchanges and Cooperation (the Basic Agreement) with
North Korea, and
c. To normalize diplomatic relations with China
South Korea launched an economic offensive toward China
when China experienced diplomatic isolation and
economic difficulties following the
Tiananmen Square incident.
South Koreas demonstrated a willingness to facilitate Chinas four
modernization programs and open-door policy.
Perhaps more effective than Japan or the United States could
a. South Korea sent large numbers of tourists to China
b. Imported Chinese goods to gain political advantages, and
c. Provided financial support for the Asian Games held in
Beijing in the fall of 1990.
the economic imperative was a crucial factor in the Chinese
decision to shift to a policy of diplomatic flexibility toward
South Korea.
with an assumption of genuine role of Chinas leadership in Asia,
South Korea and China both recognize the importance of the
Beijing-Seoul relationship for its own intrinsic merits.
South Koreans successfully negotiated with their Chinese counterparts
without assistance from America or Japan
China and South Korea agreed to establish diplomatic relations in
1992, and agreed to :
a. the enduring relations of good neighborhood,
b. friendship and cooperation on the basis of the principles
set forth in the Charter of the United Nations (Korea) and
c. the principles of mutual respect (China) for
1) sovereignty and territorial integrity,
2) mutual nonaggression,
3) noninterference in each
others internal affairs,
4) equality and mutual benefit, and
5) peaceful coexistence.
Jiang Zemin

The consummation
of Seouls
northern policy
toward the Soviet
Union and China
enhanced South
Koreas diplomatic
status.
Especially compared to that
of North Korea, which had
failed to normalize
its diplomatic relations with
the United States and Japan.
It prompted to
new economic expansion
abroad, and assisted its
national security interests.
The northern diplomacy weakened
the political basis of
North Koreas military alliance with
the Soviet Union and China
It enabled South Korea to enter
into peaceful, friendly, and cooperative
relationship with North Koreas
two major allies.
former foreign
minister
Han Sung-joo
Dr. Kyung-Ae Park
The New Diplomacy
Since 1993, President Kim Young Sam
Globalization (Segyehwa)
Five fundamentals of New Diplomacy
a. Globalization
b. Diversification
c. Multidimentionalism
d. Regional cooperation
e. Futuristic Orientation
Global Issues
1. Democracy
2. Freedom
3. Human Rights
4. World Peace
5. Arms Control
6. Poverty 7.
Environmental
protection
South Korea
diversify its diplomatic activities
toward all nations;
serve as an intermediary between
developed and
developing nations and
overcome its one-dimensional
preoccupation with
national security issues.
South Koreas Diplomatic Establishments
1990 - 2008
Embassies
Consulate-
general
Missions
1990 1997 2008 1990 1997 1990 1997
Asia 18 21 24 13 16 0 2
America 22 20 21 16 16 1 1
Europe 21 28 34 6 5 5 4
Middle East 17 14 17 2 1 0 0
Africa 17 17 13 0 0 0 0
TOTAL 95 100 109 37 38 4 7
SOURCE: Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Globalization Diplomacy ( )
In 1997, Ministry of Foreign Affairs renewed its pledge to work
toward globalization diplomacy so that the government
could more effectively respond to fluctuating international
situations and make South Korea a first-rate advanced
nation.
South Korea practiced a summit diplomacy where the
President Kim Young Sam visited a wide range of
nations during his tenure, attended multilateral
meetings such as:
a. The Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
meeting and
b. Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM)
c. To host a stream of high-level foreign visitors in
Seoul
A growing importance of the United Nations and Koreas active
participation in the International Organization were
stressed by the Ministry
UNs greater roles in global issues: disarmament.
Environment, human rights, narcotics
UN diplomacy -- popular support among populace of
South Korea -- UN-oriented global diplomacy
Set up 12 graduate schools specializing in international relations
and global business (GSIS)
President Xi Jinping and his Republic of
Korea counterpart Park Geun-hye enjoy
time with youngsters from China and the
ROK in Beijing on Wednesday. Wu Zhiyi /
China Daily
Global Korea:
South Koreas Contributions
to International Security
Koreas Operation Gulf of Aden
Koreas PKO Operations in the world
South Koreas Participation in the United Nations: Key Indicators
Observer
status
Member
status
1991
1960 1989 1998
Republic of Korea 19 41 52
Democratic Peoples
Republic of Korea
2 20 18
Peoples Republic of
China
2 37 52
Japan 42 58 63
South Koreas Participations in International Organizations
Globally
well
connected
Key Indicators
Actively taking part in UN proceedings by cosponsoring resolutions
and making statements during deliberations in both the
plenary sessions and committee meetings
Seeking membership in various UN bodies and being elected to
leadership positions in them
Participating in UN peacekeeping operations
making financial contributions to the United Nations and related
organizations and programs
1. Active Participation in U.N. Proceedings
a.
States participate
in the general debate,
in the first few weeks of
each General Assembly
session
Statements by state
representatives
States permanent
representatives
or
Head of government
or State
b.
Cosponsoring
Resolutions and statements
in Committees and
Plenary sessions
of the GA
During the
deliberation of
agenda items
More active
forms of
participation
Speeches of South Koreas Minister of Foreign
Affairs in UN General Assembly During 1990s
Han Sung-joo
Gong Ro-Myung
Yoo Chong-Ha
On 29 September 1993, Minister Han spoke of:
a. an age of historic transition
b. a new world order
c. a trend toward peace, cooperation, interdependence,
instead of conflict, confrontation and ideological
bigotry ()
South Korean government pledged to continue to participate in
the diplomacy and post-conflict peace-building
South Koreas strong support:
a. for the efforts to stop nuclear weapons proliferation
beyond 1995 through the extension of the
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and
b. for the strengthening of International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA) safeguards as the central device
to ensure the effectiveness of the NPT
c. for the international movements to promote human
rights
South Korean government urged the North Korea:
a. to comply with its safeguards agreement with the
IAEA in conformity with a Security Council
resolution to that effort.
b. to cooperate with the South Korea in implementing the
inter Korean Joint Declaration of 1991 on the
denuclearization of the Korean peninsula
On 28 September 1995, Minister Gong made his speeches at the UN GA:
explicit reference to the human-rights situation in the North
On 29 September 1997, Minister Yoo also echoed the concern first
expressed by Gong in 1995 over the situation in the North Korea
Sessions General Assembly Resolutions Statements
50
th
19 Sept.- 23 Dec., 1995 55 cases (16%) 46 cases
51
st
17 Sept. 18 Dec., 1996 51 (19.2%) 41
Out of total Res.
South Koreas Active Approaches to UN deliberations
2. Election to UN and Leading Positions
South Korea sought and attained membership in a wide array of UN organs and
programs, ranging from the Security Council to the Commission on the Status of Women
June 1992 Vice Chairman of UN Conference on Environment and
Development
September 1992 Chairman of Asia Group
December 1992 Vice Chairman In the First Committee (Disarmament
and International Security) of the General Assembly
September 1993 Vice President (out of 21) of the General Assembly
October 1998 Vice-Chairman in the Fourth Committee (Special Political
and Decolonization) of the General Assembly
As an individual
the Special Rapporteur on human-rights situation in Afghanistan for
the UN Commission on Human Rights
Executive Board Member of the UN Commission on the Status of Women
Member of the UN Committee on Human Rights
Judge of International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
As of February 1999, 215 South Korean citizen in 24 international
Organizations 17 in the UN Secretariat
Assistant Secretary-General in the Department of Peacekeeping
Operations, Choi Young Jin
Choi Young-jin, head of the United Nations mission in Ivory Coast, speaks
during a news conference at the UN headquarters in Abidjan on Monday.
(Sunday Alamba/Associated Press)
3. Participation in UN Peacekeeping Operations
Operations South Koreas Participations Period
UN Transnational Authority
in Cambodia
5 observers July 1992 May 1993
UN Operations in Somalia 250 army engineers July 1993 March 1994
UN Observer Mission in
South Africa
6 observers April 1994
UN Mission for Referendum
in Western Sahara
42 person army medical
unit
Sept. 1994 - present
UN Operation in Mozambique 6 observers October 1994
UN Observer Mission in
Georgia
3 military observers
October 1994 -
present
UN Military Observer Group
in India and Pakistan
9 military observers
November 1994 -
present
UN Angola Verification
Mission III
204 army engineers Oct. 1995 Dec. 1996
South Koreas Participation in UN Peacekeeping Operations (1992-98)
4. Financial Contribution
Organizations
UN Regular Budget
UN PKO Budget
UN Special Agencies
Other UN bodies
Other International Organization
Non-governmental Organization
Asia Pacific Economic Community
Items for the contributions
Perceived Power
Population
Territory
Economy
Military
Strategy
+
Will
A decision-makers
perception
A.
B.
Technology
Enterprise
Human
Capital
Physical
A countrys
Resources
External
constraints
Infrastructure
Idea
+
How they determined
Military capability and
Combat performance
National performance
Relative
military Power
=
=
The Last Class of the Semester
What is Power in Global Affairs?
C. A great power as one capable of prevailing in war
Power as Resources and Power as Behavioral outcomes
Power defined as Resources
Power = resources conversion strategy preferred outcome
Context Skill
Power defined as Behavioral Outcomes
Power = affect others re: something by means to PO
preferred
outcomes
Scope Domain
Coercion, Reward,
Attraction
Joseph Nye, Jr.
The impact of terrorists relies less on the size of their
forces than on the theatrical effects of their actions and
narratives and the overreactions they can produce.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pHM9dyJAezw
Joseph Nye on "The Future of Power"
13 C 18C 18C 19C 19c 20C - 21 C
Mongolia
China
Korea
Southeast
Asia
Other
Continents
England
France
Spain
US
Germany
China, Korea
Mongolia
India
South &
Southeast
Asia
U. S. A.
England
France
Germany
Italy
Japan
China
Korea
South
Southeast
Asia
U. S. A.
China
India
Brazil
Japan
Korea
Vietnam
Mongolia
World
War
Colonialism
Global
power shift
Worlds largest deposits of coal, copper, gold, uranium and iron
Only 17% of this huge land mass have been explored for commodities
Likely to have the worlds largest GDP growth in the next 10 years
A small stock market (USD1.5 billion) likely to rapidly expand
Undiscovered stock market by foreign investors (FDI)
Why Mongolia?
Worlds fastest growing economy: Mongolias GDP growth is predicted to be
higher than any other economy for years to come: 25% growth in 2012; 51% over
the next three years. Growth is organic and export-led. Strong domestic
consumption 43% increase in wholesale/retail trade in 2011. USD 1 billion being
spent on 3000 km of roads and 3,5 km of bridges in 2012.
Money in the ground The Stock Exchange:
China Builds Up Its Links to North Korea Map showing early railway expansion in China.
China will build a High Speed Railroad
through North Korea
HSR Through North Korea
Kaesong Pyeongyang Sinuiju Tongrim - Yonan
1st Stage (40 km), 2nd Stage (147 km), 2nd Stage (149 km)