BIOFISIKA

BIO-TERMOFISIKA
PENGATURAN SUHU TUBUH
Cooling the body
D E M A M
Sensor Perubahan Suhu pada Mahluk Hidup
PENCITRAAN SUHU
METABOLISME TUBUH
REVIEW: SIFAT TERMAL BENDA ~ PANAS/DINGIN
hot and cold are only a
sensation that we can feel
(mostly by touching it)
how hot or cold an object
is described by term called
temperature
temperature is quantification of how hot or
cold an object is
Temperature is being measured using thermometer.
Familiar thermometers are celcius, fahrenheit and
Kelvin
REVIEW: SIFAT TERMAL BENDA ~ PEMUAIAN
Area Expansion
Volume Expansion
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/thexp2.html#c2
Linear Expansion
REVIEW: SIFAT TERMAL BENDA ~ PEMUAIAN
REVIEW: SIFAT TERMAL BENDA ~ KALOR & PERPINDAHANNYA
REVIEW: SIFAT TERMAL BENDA ~ KALOR & PERPINDAHANNYA
Conduction
.
L
T kA
t
Q

SI Unit of Thermal
Conductivity:
J/(s m C)
Fouriers Law of Conduction
Convection
REVIEW: SIFAT TERMAL BENDA ~ KALOR & PERPINDAHANNYA
breezes come from the ocean in the day
and from the land at night
Styrofoam
Black Body Radiation
REVIEW: SIFAT TERMAL BENDA ~ KALOR & PERPINDAHANNYA
The StefanBOLTZMANN
Law Of Radiation
.
4
eAT P
t
Q

= 5.67 .10
-8
W/m
2
.K
4
.
Absorbing Solar Radiation
Qabs = S A vfs a
Rate of absorption of solar energy depends on:
The intensity of the radiation (S)
Surface area of the animal (A)
Proportion of the animals surface
that is exposed to the radiation (vfs)
Absorptivity, proportion of the energy
that is absorbed rather than reflected (a)
Herps have substantial control
over the amount of solar radiation
they absorb
Absorbing Solar Radiation
Move between sun and shade
Change the amount of surface area
exposed to the sun
Change orientation to the sun
Change color (albedo) to change
absorptivity
Concentrate pigments in
melanophores to expose reflective
pigments and cast off light.
Disperse melanin to absorb light
Thermos Bottle
Stopper- minimize conduction.
Double-walled glass vessel with the space
between the walls is evacuated to minimize
energy losses due to conduction and
convection.
The silvered surfaces reflect most of the
radiant energy that would otherwise enter or
leave the liquid in the thermos.
A thermos bottle minimizes energy transfer
due to convection, conduction, and
radiation
PENGATURAN SUHU TUBUH
Mekanisme perpindahan kalor berpengaruh pada pengaturan suhu tubuh
http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/Class/IPHY3430-200/021metabolism-energy.htm
Homeostasis Control Principles
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a
relatively constant state in a system
where the state can change.

Set point - the desired level of a state
that is to be maintained.

Negative Feedback Control - the
most common control system used to
achieve homeostasis.
For an endothermic homeotherm to control body temperature at a
constant level:

Heat production rate (H) must balance heat loss rate (Q).
= C (T
B
- T
A
) H = Q
C = Conductance (the ease with which heat leaves the body)
and
is the reciprocal of insulation (I).
T
B
= Core body temperature

T
A
= Ambient (environmental) temperature
I
C
1

PENGATURAN SUHU TUBUH:

Linear Heat Transfer Equation
36
37
38
39
40
0 10 20 30 40
B
o
d
y

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,

o
C
0
1
2
3
4
0 10 20 30 40
Ambient Temperature,
o
C
M
e
t
a
b
o
l
i
c

R
a
t
e
Thermal
Neutral Zone
T
LC
T
UC

Heat
Production
T
LC
= Lower critical temperature; T
UC
= Upper critical temperature
Within the Thermal Neutral Zone, heat loss is
controlled by changing conductance (C).
H = Q = C (T
B
- T
A
)
0
1
2
3
4
0 10 20 30 40
Ambient Temperature,
o
C
M
e
t
a
b
o
l
i
c

R
a
t
e
Thermal
Neutral
Zone
Erection of hairs or feathers to increase thickness of the body surface
covering.
Control of blood flow to the body surface.
Blood vessels can constrict to slow blood flow to a specific region.
PENGATURAN SUHU TUBUH MANUSIA:
Adjusment of Insulation
Heat Conduction to the Skin
The skin and the subcutaneous tissues especially the fat form a
heat insulator system for the body.
This system maintains the normal core temp., although the temp. of
the skin may approach the temp.of the surrounding.Blood vessels
penetrate the fatty subcutaneous tissues and are distribution
beneath the skin.
The amount of heat reaching the skin from the deep tissues
depends upon the blood flow into the cutaneous blood vessels
which is determined by the degree of vasoconstriction of the
vessels.
This vasoconstriction in turn is controlled almost entirely by the
sympathetic nervous system.
The rate of heat conduction to the skin is known as tissue
conductance.
Heat loss from the skin surface
Radiation Human body radiates heat rays in all directions but is
also exposed to heat rays radiated from the surrounding.
Therefore, heat is lost by this method when the temp. of the
surrounding is less than the body temp. At normal temp. about
60% of the total heat loss from a nude person occurs by radiation.
Conduction Only minute amount of heat are normally
lost from the body by direct conduction to other objects
such as a chair or bed (3%). On the other hand large
amounts of heat are lost by conduction to air.
Convection It is the removal of heat from the body by convection air
currents.Heat must first be conducted to the air and then carried away by
the convection current.About 12% of heat loss from the body occurs by
conduction to the air and then by convection.When the body is exposed to
wind heat loss by convection is greatly increased.
Heat loss from the skin surface
Evaporation
Evaporation of 1g water removes about 0.6 Kcal. Of heat. Even when a person
is not sweating a certain amount of water still evaporates from the skin and
lungs at a rate of about 600 ml/day. This is known as the insensible water
loss.
Sweating provides a very important way of heat loss from the body which can be
regulated. As long as skin temp. is greater than the temp. of surrounding,
heat can be lost by radiation & conduction, but when the temp. of the body
gains heat by radiation& conduction.
.
Urine & Feces Small amount of heat are removed
PENGATURAN SUHU TUBUH MANUSIA:
Adjusment of Insulation
Shivering
Thermogenesis:
High frequency, uncoordinated
contractions of opposing skeletal
muscles.
Nonshivering
Thermogenesis:
Elevated metabolic rate in many tissues releases
heat, especially in brown adipose tissue (brown
fat).
PENGATURAN SUHU TUBUH:
Mechanisms of Heat Production
H+ channels
inserted.
PENGATURAN SUHU TUBUH:
Brown Adipose tissue Heat Generation
Cooling of the Human Body
H
m
= H
c
+ H
r
+ H
s
+ H
l

H
m
= kalor dr metabolime (70 1400 kkal/h)
H
C
= kalor hilang konveksi
= 6,1 A (T
s
T
a
) kkal/h
H
r
= kalor hilang radiasi
= 5,6 A (T
s
T
a
) kkal/h
H
s
= kalor hilang evaporasi keringat
= 580r kkal/h
H
l
= kalor hilang evaporasi dr paru-paru
= 9 kkal/h
A = luas bidang tubuh
T
s
= suhu kulit ; T
a
= suhu udara
r = laju keringat (kg/h)
The cooling effect of perspiration evaporation makes use of the very large heat of
vaporization of water. This heat of vaporization is 540 calories/gm at the boiling
point, but is even larger, 580 cal/gm, at the normal skin temperature.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/coobod.html#c1
Simplified model of the process by which the human body gives off heat. Even
when inactive, an adult male must lose heat at a rate of about 90 watts as a result
of his basal metabolism.
Cooling of the Human Body
Newtons Law of Cooling
. . . . . . .