Compendium Review

Major Topic One: Oxygen, Microbes, Immunity

Table of Contents

Part 1
 The Cardiovascular System and Blood Vessels
 The Heart
 Cardiovascular Pathways and Features
 Cardiovascular Disorders

Part 2
 Blood, Red Blood Cells, Oxygen Transportation, and RBC Disorders
 White Blood Cell Types and Disorders
 Platelets, Their Functions, and Disorders
 Blood Types and Transfusions

Part 3
 Lymphatic System
 Microbes, Pathogens, and Humans (Oh My!)
 Nonspecific and Specific Defenses
 Immunization and Antibodies
 Immune System Complications and Disorders
Verbiage and Picture from
http://www.mybloodyourblood.org/doc/abc_bloodology_v.lett
 Pictures and Verbiage from
Part 2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood

 Blood, RBCs, Oxygen Transportation, and RBC

Disorders
 White Blood Cell Types and Disorders
 Platelets, Their Functions, and Disorders
 Blood Types and Transfusions

Blood Circulation
Red = oxygenated
Blue =
deoxygenated

Two tubes of EDTA anticoagulated blood.

Left tube: After standing, the red blood cells
have settled at the bottom of the tube.
Right tube: Contains freshly drawn blood.
 Blood, RBCs, Oxygen Transportation, and RBC Disorders

Cell and cell fragments, known as FORMED ELEMENTS, are found in plasma.
PLASMA is the liquid that makes up blood and is primarily H2O with about 9%
being a mixture of ions, proteins, and other organic molecules. The formed
elements (red and white blood cells, and platelets) are made from red bone
marrow. Red bone marrow contains stem cells which are responsible for the
production of the different types of cells. PLASMA PROTEINS are an organic
molecule (albumins [transport], globulins [immunity], and fibrinogen [clotting])
which aid in homeostasis. They are produced by the liver and help maintain the
pH level and osmotic pressure.
Functions of Blood
Blood Transports Materials: Blood is responsible for
the transfer and delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and
hormones; while collecting and disposing of CO2 and
waste.
Blood Defends the Body: By engulfing and destroying
pathogens, secreting antibodies, and clotting, blood “A scanning electron
helps protect and maintain homeostasis. microscope (SEM)
image of a normal red
Blood Regulates: Picking up heat and transferring it
blood cell, a white
around the body, or dispersing heat from dilated blood cell, and a
vessels, blood helps to regulate and maintain body platelet.”
temperature. Blood also regulates pH and maintains
Picture and Verbiage from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood
water-salt balance.
 Blood, RBCs, Oxygen Transportation, and RBC Disorders
Red blood cells, known as ERYTHROCYTES, lack a nucleus and instead contain
hemoglobin's. HEMOGLOBIN is an iron-containing pigment. The name
erythrocytes is Greek: erythros for “red” and kytos for “hollow”, with cyte
nowadays translated as “cell”.¹
(1 Verbiage from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cells)

This picture illustrates the

function of the hormone
erythropoietin; where it is made
and what it does.

Red Blood Cell Production

RBC are produced by stem cells in red bone
Functions of Red Blood Cells
2. Carry oxygen by grasping O2 at the
lungs and releasing O2 at the tissues.
3. Grabs and transports carbon dioxide
from tissues.
marrow. Their life cycle is about three to
four months, where they are then
destroyed in the liver and spleen. Did you
know that bone marrow makes millions of
new RBCs every second! ERYTHROPOIETIN
is a hormone released from the kidneys
which encourages RBC production. BLOOD
DOPING is a term used to describe the
intention production of more RBCs for
various functions.
Picture from Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader Page 109
 Blood, RBCs, Oxygen Transportation, and RBC Disorders: RBC
Disorders
• Sideropenic Anemia: iron-deficiency anemia. Most popular type of anemia,
hemoglobin cannot form due to insufficient amount of iron.
• Aplastic Anemia: Marrow does not make enough new blood cells to replace
old blood cells. This usually pertains to all three types of blood cells.
• Pernicious Anemia: Vitamin B12 deficiency; possibly due to the inability to
absorb B12 because of a lack of parietal cells. Vitamin B12 or folic acid
deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia which causes many large
ineffective RBCs in the bone marrow. This can inhibit DNA synthesis.
• Hemolysis: Breaking open of RBCs
• Hemolytic Anemia Disease: Anemia due to Hemolysis
• Sickle-cell Disease: Abnormal, non-functioning hemoglobin due to genetic Sickle-cell Anemia
disease. Mutated Beta chain of hemoglobin affected. Usually rupture in produces crescent
capillaries; can cause chest pains, stroke, cerebral hemorrhaging, shaped RBCs
gallstones, loss of blood supply to bones, immunodeficiency's due to poor
spleen performance, Staphylococcus, salmonella, cell death in kidneys or
other tissues, blindness, heart failure, and much more.
7. Thalassemia: Abnormal hemoglobin subunits synthesized due to genetic disease. Could affect
Alpha, Beta, or Delta chain of hemoglobin molecule. Complications of Thalassemia include
enlargement of the spleen, heat failure, gallstones, asthma and mood disorders.
8. Spherocytosis: Defect in cytoskeleton of RBCs due to genetic disease. The cells appear to have a
sphere shape instead of a disk shape. Some side effects include enlargement of the spleen,
fatigue, jaundice, gallstones, various infections, tissues can be deprived of adequate oxygen,
and damage to the brain due to hemoglobin breakdown.
9. Pure Red Cell Aplasia: Bone Marrows inability to manufacture red blood cells.
10. Polycythemias/Erythrocytosis: Overproduction of RBCs. Some side effects include headaches,
vertigo, itching, enlarged spleen, enlarged liver, high blood pressure, blood clots,
hemorrhaging, and obstruction of hepatic veins.
Part 2
 Blood, RBCs, Oxygen Transportation, and RBC Disorders
 White Blood Cell Types and Disorders
 Platelets, Their Functions, and Disorders
 Blood Types and Transfusions

Did You Know…

“White blood cells are
capable of passing
through the walls of
capillaries (tiny blood
vessels) in order to attack,
kill and consume intruder
germs.” Verbiage and Picture from
http://www.mybloodyourblood.org/hs_biology_white.htm
 White Blood Cell Types and Disorders
White blood cells, known as LEUKOCYTES, are an important part of the
immune system and aid in fighting infection. Like RBCs and platelets, stem
cells in bone marrow are responsible for the production of WBCs; however,
WBCs do not contain hemoglobin and do have nuclei's. There are different
types of WBCs (GRANULAR and AGRANULAR) which are regulated by a
protein known as COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR. Due to WBCs size, they can
be found in tissue fluid, lymph, and blood. Some WBCs manufacture proteins,
known as ANTIBODIES, which join with antigens to help fight infections. In
addition, some types of WBCs fight infection by means of phagocytosis
(engulfing it).

“A macrophage of a mouse stretching

its arms (Pseudopodia) to engulf two
particles, possibly pathogens” Verbiage and
picture from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage
Pictures from
http://www.unomaha.edu/hpa/blood.html White Blood Cell Types and Disorders

Granular Leukocytes Agranular

(noticeable granules) Leukocytes
(discreet granules)
Neutrophils: 50-70% of
all WBCs. Eliminate Lymphocytes: 25-35%
undesirable substances of all WBCs. Two types:
through phagocytosis. B-Cells produce
antibodies to aid in
Don’t take up stain very
destruction of
well.
pathogens, and T-Cells
which fight virus cells
Eosinophils: Bilobed and tumor cells.
nucleus (two lobes);
large granules take up
eosin stain well. Useful Monocytes: 3-9% of all
against parasitic worms. WBCs. Largest of
leukocytes; phagocytic,
Basophils: U-shape fight viruses and
nucleus; large granules bacteria. Become
take basic stain well. macrophages (large
Releases histamine to phagocytic cell) and in
dilate vessels. some tissues become
dendritic cells (antigen-
presenting)
This poster shows how white blood cells respond to pathogen invasions and Picture from
http://www.mybloodyourblood.
explains the functions of T-cells, B-cells, phagocytic cells, and monocytes. org
/doc/poster_bloodfacts.jpg
 Picture from
http://www.mybloodyourblood.org
/doc/poster_bloodfacts.jpg

This poster shows how red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and
plasma are formed along with facts about them. Also listed are facts about
blood.
 White Blood Cell Types and Disorders
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID): Individuals cannot fight infections
with this disease because they lack an enzyme, adenosine deaminase, which is present
in the stem cells of WBCs. Common side effects from the disease include ear infections,
diarrhea, pneumonia, and oral yeast infections. Another common form of SCID is the
result of a hereditary disease due to mutations in the genes (common gamma chain).
This effects the development of the T-calls and B-cells. Bone marrow transplants are
the most common treatment for this disease.
Leukemia: Greek for “white blood,” this disease is split into two categories; acute and
chronic. Acute leukemia is attributed to the rapid multiplication of immature cells which
clog the bone marrow making it difficult for the production of new cells. The malignant
cells can spread to other organs by way of blood stream. Chronic leukemia is the build
up of abnormal WBCs. Both acute and chronic leukemia are broken up into two sub-
groups; lymphoblastic and myeloid. Lymphoblastic means the cancer took place in a
marrow cell which forms as a WBC. Myeloid means the cancer took place in a marrow
cell which forms RBCs, platelets, and some WBCs. Common treatment includes a
combination of chemotherapeutic drugs, antimetabolite drugs, chemotherapy, cranial
irradiation, and/or bone marrow transplants.
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV): Caused by infectious mononucleosis, otherwise known as
infection of the lymphocytes, this virus infects B-cells. This disease is among the
Herpes Virus group (human herpes virus 4), and is always dormant in an individual. It is
thought that most children will be infected with the virus before 18 months of age. Also,
about 95% of North Americans have the virus (between ages 35-40). Common side
effects include fatigue, muscle soreness, sore throat, fever, headache, swollen lymph
glands, enlarged spleen and/or liver, and more. Some antiviral drugs are helping to
suppress symptoms of EBV.
Part 2
 Blood, RBCs, Oxygen Transportation, and RBC Disorders
 White Blood Cell Types and Disorders
 Platelets, Their Functions, and Disorders
 Blood Types and Transfusions

Picture from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat
elets
 Palettes and Their Functions
PLATELETS, known as thrombocytes, are pieces of
larger cells (megakaryocytes) which are found in bone
marrow. Platelets primary function is involved with
clotting. PROTHROMBIN and FIBRINOGEN are plasma
proteins made in the liver which aid in clotting, as well
as calcium ions. Once the clot is complete, a fluid
known as SERUM is released which contains some of
the elements of plasma.

Diseases Associated with Platelets

Thrombocytopenia- Inadequate amount of
platelets. Side effects can be bruising, purpura,
nosebleeds, and bleeding of the gums.
Thromboembolism- When a blood clot
(thrombus) dislodges it becomes an embolus.
This traveling clot can cause a stroke, heart
attack (myocardial infarction), or thoracic outlet
syndrome (TOS).
Hemophilia- There are three forms: Hemophilia
A lack clotting Factor VIII (Xq28), Hemophilia B
lack clotting Factor IX (Xq27.1-q27.2), and
Hemophilia C lack clotting Factor XI (4q32-35).
Also, Hypofibrinogenemia is a blood clotting
disorder which lacks the ability to clot and lacks
Picture from Human Biology by Sylvia S. Mader page 113
correct amounts of a protein known as
fibrinogen.
Part 2
 Blood, RBCs, Oxygen Transportation, and RBC Disorders
 White Blood Cell Types and Disorders
 Platelets, Their Functions, and Disorders
 Blood Types and Transfusions

“This is how
blood looks
after being
spun in a
centrifuge. The
different parts
of the blood are
separated in a
test tube.”

Verbiage and Picture from http://www.mybloodyourblood.org/doc/abc_bloodology_v.letter.pdf

 Blood Types and Transfusions
Fun Facts
About 350 years ago: It was discovered
that blood circulates around the human
body. The invention of the microscope
enabled people to see the tiny cells within
blood.

200 years ago: First human blood

transfusion (from one person to another
person) was performed.

100 years ago: Different blood types are

discovered. Often blood of one blood type
CANNOT be safely transfused into a person
of a different blood type.
“Distribution of blood groups
in the USA” 30 years ago: Tests are developed to
Verbiage and Picture from detect viruses that can transmit diseases to
http://www.mybloodyourblood.org/hs_biology_bloodtypes.htm &
http://www.mybloodyourblood.org/doc/abc_bloodology_v.letter.pdf another person through blood transfusion.
 Blood Types and Transfusions
There are four blood types: type A, type B, type AB, and
type O. When blood is transferred from one person to
another, it is known as a TRANSFUSION. When an individual
needs a blood transfusion, blood type and Rh group are used
in determining compatibility to prevent AGGLUTINATION, or
RBC clumping. Rh, short for Rhesus, refers to a system
known as the Rhesus blood group system or Rhesus
antigens. RBCs either have the Rh D antigen (Rh+) or do not
have the Rh D antigen (Rh-) present. This determines
whether a person has antibodies to the Rh factor. If a
mother has an Rh- and her fetus has an Rh+, the mother
can form anti-Rh antibodies which attack the RBCs of the
fetus. This is known as hemolytic disease of the newborn or
Erythroblastosis Fetalis. (See Next Slide )

No
agglutination

Pictures from Human

Biology by Sylvia S.
Mader page 114 Agglutination: RBC
 Blood Types and Transfusions Continued

1. Babies Rh+ blood

enters Mothers Rh- blood
stream

2. Mother produces
antibodies against Rh+ 3. Mothers antibodies pass
blood through placenta to baby

Pictures from
http://www.biologymad.com/master.
html?http://www.biologymad.com/I
mmunology/Immunology.htm
Blood Types and Blood Pictures from
http://www.biologymad.com/master.html?http://www.biologymad.com/
Immunology/Immunology.htm

Facts

Is blood thicker than water? Blood is about twice as thick as water thanks to all the cells and other bits that float in it.
How long does it take a drop of blood to travel away from the heart and back again? Roughly 20 to 60 seconds.
Why are red blood cells shaped like breath-mint disks with a dent in the middle? The breath-mint design allows cells to
twist through capillaries, the tiniest blood vessels. A sphere or cube is less flexible and might get stuck. Also, the dents in
the cells add to the surface area, allowing more oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass in and out of the cell.
Why do mosquito's feed on blood? Adult mosquito's actually eat the nectar of flowers. But mosquito babies need protein,
not sugar, to grow. So their mothers feed on blood. Bloodsucking mosquito moms find you by sensing your body heat and
breath. Then, with their proboscis, they drill a hole through your skin, into a capillary. Their saliva keeps the blood from
clotting while they drink.
Is all blood red? No. Crabs have blue blood. Their blood contains copper instead
of iron. Earthworms and leeches have green blood - the green comes from an iron substance called chlorocruorin. Many
invertebrates, such as starfish, have clear or yellowish blood.
How much blood is in your body? Blood makes up about 10 percent of your body weight. Weigh yourself and divide your
weight by 12 - that answer is about how many pints of blood your body has - adults usually have roughly 10 to 15 pints. A
newborn baby has about one half pint or one cup of blood.
All above verbiage from http://www.lifesouth.org/FunFacts.html
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