Application of Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection

Application of Non-Directional Overcurrent
and Earthfault Protection

J .W. Wright
Engineering Manager
Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earth
Fault Protection
Overcurrent Protection
Purpose of Protection
Detect abnormal conditions
Isolate faulty part of the system
Speed
Fast operation to minimise damage and danger
Discrimination
Isolate only the faulty section
Dependability / reliability
Security / stability
Cost of protection / against cost of potential hazards
Co-ordination
Co-ordinate protection so that relay nearest to
fault operates first
Minimise system disruption due to the fault
F1 F2
F3 F3
F2 F1
Fuses
Fuses
Simple
Can provide very fast fault clearance
<10ms for large current
Limit fault energy
Pre Arc Time
Arcing Time
Prospective Fault Current
Total
Operating
Time
t
Fuses - disadvantages
Problematic co-ordination

I
FA
approx 2 x I
FB

Limited sensitivity to earth faults
Single phasing
Fixed characteristic
Need replacing following fault clearance
Fuse A Fuse B
Tripping Methods
Direct Acting AC Trip
AC series trip
common for electromechanical O/C relays
51
I
F

Trip Coil
Direct Acting AC Trip
Capacitor discharge trip
used with static relays where no secure DC
supply is available
I
F
'
Sensitive
Trip
Coil
I
F

51
+
-
DC Shunt Trip
Requires secure DC auxiliary
No trip if DC fails
I
F
'
I
F

DC
BATTERY
SHUNT
TRIP COIL
51
Principles
Operating Speed
Instantaneous
Time delayed
Discrimination
Current setting
Time setting
Current and time
Cost
Generally cheapest form of protection relay

I
F1
I
F1
I
F2

Instantaneous Relays
Current settings chosen so that relay closest to
fault operates
Problem
Relies on there being a difference in fault level
between the two relay locations
Cannot discriminate if I
F1
= I
F2

50
B
50
A
I
F1
I
F2

Definite (Independent) Time Relays
T
OP

TIME
I
S
Applied Current
(Relay Current Setting)
Definite (Independent) Time Relays
Operating time is independent of current
Relay closest to fault has shortest operating time
Problem
Longest operating time is at the source where
fault level is highest
51
0.9 sec 0.5 sec
51
IDMT
Inverse Definite Minimum Time characteristic
TIME
Applied Current
(Relay Current Setting)
I
S

Disc Type O/C Relays
Current setting via plug bridge
Time multiplier setting via disc
movement
Single characteristic
Consider 2 ph & EF or 3 ph
plus additional EF relay

Static Relay
Electronic, multi characteristic
Fine settings, wide range
Integral instantaneous elements
Numerical Relay
Multiple characteristics and stages
Current settings in primary or secondary
values
Additional protection elements

Current
Time
I>1
I>2
I>3
I>4
Co-ordination
Co-ordination Principle
Relay closest to fault
must operate first
Other relays must have
adequate additional
operating time to
prevent them operating
Current setting chosen
to allow FLC
Consider worst case
conditions, operating
modes and current
flows
T
I
S1
I
S2

Maximum
Fault
Level
I
R
2

R
1

I
F1

Co-ordination Example
C A B
0.01
0.1
1
10
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g

t
i
m
e

(
s
)

Current (A)
FL
B
FL
C
FL
D

E
D
C
B
D E
IEC Characteristics
SI t = 0.14
(I
0.02
-1)
VI t = 13.5
(I
2
-1)
EI t = 80
(I
2
-1)
LTI t = 120
(I - 1)

Current (Multiples of Is)
0.1
1
10
100
1000
1 100 10
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g

T
i
m
e

(
s
)

VI
EI
SI
LTI
Operating Time Setting - Terms Used
Relay operating times can be
calculated using relay
characteristic charts
Published characteristcs are
drawn against a multiple of
current setting or Plug Setting
Multiplier
Therefore characteristics can be
used for any application
regardless of actual relay current
setting
e.g at 10x setting (or PSM of 10)
SI curve op time is 3s
0.1
1
10
100
1000
1 100 10
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g

T
i
m
e

(
s
)

Current Setting
Set just above full load current
allow 10% tolerance
Allow relay to reset if fault is cleared by
downstream device
consider pickup/drop off ratio (reset ratio)
relay must fully reset with full load current
flowing
PU/DO for static/numerical = 95%
PU/DO for EM relay = 90%

e.g for numerical relay, Is = 1.1 x I
FL
/0.95
Current Setting
Current grading
ensure that if upstream relay has started
downstream relay has also started

Set upstream device current setting greater than
downstream relay
e.g. Is
R1
= 1.1 x Is
R2

R
1
R
2

I
F1

Grading Margin
Operating time difference between two devices to
ensure that downstream device will clear fault before
upstream device trips
Must include
breaker opening time
allowance for errors
relay overshoot time
safety margin
GRADING
MARGIN
Grading Margin - between relays
Traditional
breaker op time - 0.1
relay overshoot - 0.05
allow. For errors - 0.15
safety margin - 0.1
Total 0.4s
Calculate using formula
R
2

R
1

Grading Margin - between relays
Formula
t = (2Er + Ect) t/100 + tcb + to + ts
Er = relay timing error
Ect = CT measurement error
t = op time of downstream relay
tcb = CB interupting time
to = relay overshoot time
ts = safety margin
Op time of Downstream Relay t = 0.5s
0.375s margin for EM relay, oil CB
0.24s margin for static relay, vacuum CB
Grading Margin - relay with fuse
Grading Margin = 0.4Tf + 0.15s over whole characteristic
Assume fuse minimum operating time = 0.01s
Use EI or VI curve to grade with fuse
Current setting of relay should be 3-4 x rating of fuse to
ensure co-ordination
Grading Margin - relay with upstream fuse
1.175T
r
+ 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.6T
f

or
T
f
= 2T
r
+ 0.33s

Allowance for CT
and relay error
CB Safety margin Allowance for fuse
error (fast)
T
f

T
r

I
FMAX
Time Multiplier Setting
Used to adjust the operating
time of an inverse
characteristic
Not a time setting but a
multiplier
Calculate TMS to give
desired operating time in
accordance with the grading
margin
0.1
1
10
100
1 100 10
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g

T
i
m
e

(
s
)

Time Multiplier Setting - Calculation
Calculate relay operating time required, T
req

consider grading margin
fault level
Calculate op time of inverse characteristic
with TMS = 1, T
1

TMS = T
req
/T
1

Co-ordination - Procedure
Calculate required operating current
Calculate required grading margin
Calculate required operating time
Select characteristic
Calculate required TMS
Draw characteristic, check grading over whole
curve

Grading curves should be drawn to a common
voltage base to aid comparison

Grade relay B with relay A
Co-ordinate at max fault level seen by both relays =
1400A
Assume grading margin of 0.4s
Is = 5 Amp; TMS = 0.05, SI
I
FMAX
= 1400 Amp
B A
200/5 100/5
Is = 5 Amp
Relay B is set to 200A primary, 5A secondary
Relay A set to 100A If (1400A) = PSM of 14
relay A OP time = t = 0.14 x TMS = 0.14 x 0.05 = 0.13
(I
0.02
-1) (14
0.02
-1)
Relay B Op time = 0.13 + grading margin = 0.13 + 0.4 = 0.53s
Relay A uses SI curve so relay B should also use SI curve

Is = 5 Amp; TMS = 0.05, SI
I
FMAX
= 1400 Amp
B A
200/5 100/5
Is = 5 Amp
Relay B Op time = 0.13 + grading margin = 0.13 + 0.4 = 0.53s
Relay A uses SI curve so relay B should also use SI curve
Relay B set to 200A If (1400A) = PSM of 7
relay B OP time TMS = 1 = 0.14 x TMS = 0.14 = 3.52s
(I
0.02
-1) (7
0.02
-1)
Required TMS = Required Op time = 0.53 = 0.15
Op time TMS=1 3.52
Set relay B to 200A, TMS = 0.15, SI

Is = 5 Amp; TMS = 0.05, SI
I
FMAX
= 1400 Amp
B A
200/5 100/5
Is = 5 Amp
LV Protection Co-ordination
ZA2118B
Relay 1
Relay 2
Relay 3
Relay 4
Fuse
1
2
3
4
F
350MVA
4 4
3 3
2
F
11kV
MCGG CB
ACB CTZ61 (Open) CTZ61
ACB
MCCB
27MVA
20MVA
Load
Fuse
2 x 1.5MVA
11kV/433V
5.1%
K
1
ZA2119
1000S
100S
10S
1.0S
0.1S
0.01S
0. 1kA 10kA 1000kA
TX damage
Very
inverse
ZA2120C
Relay 1
Relay 2
Relay 3
Relay 4
Fuse
1
2
3
4
F
350MVA
4 4
3 3
2
1
F
11kV
KCGG 142 CB
ACB (Open) KCEG 142
ACB
MCCB
27MVA
20MVA
Load
Fuse
2 x 1.5MVA
11kV/433V
5.1%
K
ZA2121
1000S
100S
10S
1.0S
0.1S
0.01S
0. 1kA 10kA 1000kA
TX damage
Long time
inverse
ZA2135
R
3
R
2
R
1
Block t >
I > Start
IF2
IF1
M
(Transient backfeed ?)
Graded
protection
Blocked
protection
Blocked OC Schemes
Use of High Sets
Fast clearance of faults
ensure good operation factor, I
f
>> I
s
(5 x ?)
Current setting must be co-ordinated to prevent
overtripping
Used to provide fast tripping on HV side of transformers
Used on feeders with Auto Reclose, prevents transient
faults becoming permanent
AR ensures healthy feeders are re-energised
Consider operation due to DC offset - transient
overreach
Instantaneous Protection
Set HV inst 130% I
fLV
Stable for inrush
No operation for LV fault
Fast operation for HV
fault
Reduces op times
required of upstream
relays
HV2 LV HV1
HV2
LV T
I
M
E

CURRENT
HV1
I
F(LV)

I
F(HV)

1.3I
F(LV)

Instantaneous OC on Transformer Feeders
Earthfault Protection
Earth fault current may be limited
Sensitivity and speed requirements may not be met by
overcurrent relays
Use dedicated EF protection relays
Connect to measure residual (zero sequence) current
Can be set to values less than full load current
Co-ordinate as for OC elements
May not be possible to provide co-ordination with
fuses

Earth Fault Protection
Combined with OC relays
E/F
OC OC OC
E/F
OC OC
Economise using 2x OC
relays
Earth Fault Relay Connection - 3 Wire System
EF relay setting must be
greater than normal
neutral current
Independent of neutral
current but must use 3 OC
relays for phase to neutral
faults
E/F
OC OC OC
E/F
OC OC OC
Earth Fault Relay Connection - 4 Wire System
Solid earth
30% I
full load

adequate
Resistance earth
setting w.r.t earth fault
level
special considerations
for impedance earthing
- directional?
Earth Fault Relays Current Setting
Settings down to
0.2% possible
Isolated/high
impedance earth networks
For low settings cannot use residual connection, use
dedicated CT
Advisable to use core balance CT
CT ratio related to earth fault current not line current
Relays tuned to system frequency to reject 3rd
harmonic

B
C
E/F
A
Sensitive Earth Fault Relays
Need to take care with core
balance CT and armoured
cables
Sheath acts as earth return
path
Must account for earth current
path in connections - insulate
cable gland
NO OPERATION
OPERATION
CABLE
BOX
CABLE GLAND
CABLE GLAND/SHEATH
EARTH CONNECTION
E/F
Core Balance CT Connections

Application of Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection

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