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Syllabus- history mains

PAPER - I
1. Sources:
Archaeological sources: Exploration, excavation, epigraphy numismatics, monuments.
Literary sources: Indigenous: Primary and secondary ; poetry, scientific literature, literature , literature in regional
languages, religious literature.Foreign accounts: Greek, Chinese and Arab writers.
2. Pre-history and Proto-history: Geographical factors ; hunting and gathering (paleolithic and mesolithic) ; Beginning
of agriculture (neolithic and chalcolithic).
3. Indus Valley Civilization: Origin, date, extent, characteristics, decline, survival and significance, art and architecture.
4. Megalithic Cultures: Distribution of pastoral and farming cultures outside the Indus, Development of community life,
Settlements, Development of agriculture, Crafts, Pottery, and Iron industry.
5.Aryans and Vedic Period: Expansions of Aryans in India.
Vedic Period: Religious and philosophic literature; Transformation from Rig Vedic period to the later Vedic period;
Political, social and economical life; Significance of the Vedic Age; Evolution of Monarchy and Varna system.
6. Period of Mahajanapadas:
Formation of States (Mahajanapada) :
Republics and monarchies; Rise of urban centres; Trade routes; Economic growth; Introduction of coinage; Spread of
Jainism and Buddhism; Rise of Magadha and Nandas.
Iranian and Macedonian invasions and their impact.
7. Mauryan Empire:
Foundation of the Mauryan Empire , Chandragupta, Kautilya and Arthashastra; Ashoka; Concept of Dharma; Edicts;
Polity, Administration; Economy; Art, architecture and sculpture; External contacts; Religion; Spread of religion;
Literature. Disintegration of the empire; Sungas and Kanvas.
8. Post - Mauryan Period (Indo-Greeks, Sakas, Kushanas, Western Kshatrapas):
Contact with outside world; growth of urban centres, economy, coinage, development of religions, Mahayana, social
conditions, art, architecture, culture, literature and science.
9. Early State and Society in Eastern India, Deccan and South India:
Kharavela, The Satavahanas, Tamil States of the Sangam Age; Administration , economy, land grants, coinage, t rade
guilds and urban centres; Buddhist centres; Sangam literature and culture; Art and architecture.- Indian science and
technology
10. Guptas, Vakatakas and Vardhanas:
Polity and administration , Economic conditions, Coinage of the Guptas, Land grants, Decline of urban
centres, Indian feudalism, Caste system, Position of women , Education and educational inst i tut ions;
Nalanda, Vikramshi la and Vallabhi, Literature, scientific literature, art and architecture.
11. Regional States during Gupta Era:
The Kadambas, Pallavas, Chalukyas of Badami; Polity and Administration, Trade guilds, Literature; growth
of Vaishnava and Saiva religions. Tamil Bhakti movement, Shankaracharya; Vedanta; Institutions of temple
and temple architecture; Palas, Senas, Rashtrakutas, Paramaras, Polity and administration; Cultural
aspects. Arab conquest of Sind; Alberuni, The Chalukyas of Kalyana, Cholas, Hoysalas, Pandyas; Polity and
Administration; local Government ; Growth of ar t and archi tecture, religious sects, Institution of temple
and Mathas, Agraharas, education and literature, economy and society.
12. Themes in Early Indian Cultural History: Languages and texts, major stages in the evolution of art and
architecture, major philosophical thinkers and schools, ideas in Science and Mathematics.
13. Early Medieval India, 750-1200: - Polity: Major political developments in Northern India and the
Peninsula, origin and the rise of Rajputs
- The Cholas: administration, village economy and society
- Indian Feudalism
- Agrarian economy and urban settlements
- Trade and commerce
- Society: the status of the Brahman and the new social order
- Condition of women
14. Cultural Traditions in India, 750-1200:
- Philosophy: Skankaracharya and Vedanta, Ramanuja and Vishishtadvaita, Madhva and Brahma-Mimansa
- Religion: Forms and features of religion, Tamil devotional cult, growth of Bhakti, Islam and its arrival in
India, Sufism
- Literature: Literature in Sanskrit, growth of Tamil literature, literature in the newly developing languages,
Kalhans Rajtarangini, Alberunis India
- Art and Architecture: Temple architecture, sculpture, painting
15. The Thirteenth Century:
- Establishment of the Delhi Sultanate: The Ghurian invasions factors behind Ghurian success
- Economic, social and cultural consequences
- Foundation of Delhi Sultanate and early Turkish Sultans.
- Consolidation: The rule of Iltutmish and Balban.
16. The Fourteenth Century:
- The Khalji Revolution
- Alauddin Khalji: Conquests and territorial expansion, agrarian and economic measures
- Muhammad Tughluq: Major projects, agrar ian measures, bureaucracy of Muhammad Tughluq.
- Fi ruz Tughluq: Agrar ian measures, achievements in civil engineering and public works, decline of the Sultanate,
foreign contacts and Ibn Battutas account.
17. Society, Culture and Economy in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries:
- Society: composition of rural society, ruling classes, town dwellers, women, religious classes, caste and slavery under
the Sultanate, Bhakti movement, Sufi movement.
- Culture: Persian literature, literature in the regional languages of North India, literature in the languages of South
India, Sultanate architecture and new structural forms, painting, evolution of a composite culture.
- Economy: Agricultural production, rise of urban economy and non-agricultural production, trade and commerce.
18. The Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Century Political Developments and Economy:
- Rise of Provincial Dynasties: Bengal, Kashmir(Zainul Abedin), Gujarat , Malwa, Bahmanids.
- The Vijayanagra Empire.
- Lodis.
- Mughal Empire, First phase: Babur and Humayun.
- The Sur Empire: Sher Shahs administration.
- Portuguese Colonial enterprise.
- Bhakti and Sufi Movements.
19. The Fifteenth and early Sixteenth Century Society and Culture:
- Regional cultural specificities.
- Literary traditions.
- Provincial architecture.
- Society, culture, literature and the arts. in Vijayanagara Empire.

20.Akbar:
- Conquests and consolidation of the Empire.
- Establishment of Jagir and Mansab systems.
- Rajput policy.
- Evolution of religious and social outlook, theory of
Sulh-i-kul and religious policy.
- Court patronage of art and technology.
21. Mughal Empire in the Seventeenth Century:
- Major administrative policies of Jahangir, Shahjahan
and Aurangzeb.
- The Empire and the Zamindars.
- Religious policies of Jahangir , Shahjahan and
Aurangzeb.
- Nature of the Mughal State.
- Late Seventeenth century crisis and the revolts.
- The Ahom Kingdom.
- Shivaji and the early Maratha Kingdom.
22. Economy and Society in the Sixteenth and
Seventeenth Centuries:
- Population, agricultural production, craft production.
- Towns, commerce with Europe through Dutch,
English and French companies : a trade revolution.
- Indian mercantile classes, banking, insurance and
credit systems.
- Condi t ion of peasants, condi t ion of women.
- Evolution of the Sikh community and the Khalsa
Panth.
23. Culture in the Mughal Empire:
- Persian histories and other literature.
- Hindi and other religious literature.
- Mughal architecture.
- Mughal painting.
- Provincial architecture and painting.
- Classical music.
- Science and technology.
24. The Eighteenth Century:
- Factors for the decline of the Mughal Empire.
- The regional pr incipal i t ies: Nizams Deccan,
Bengal, Awadh.
- Maratha ascendancy under the Peshwas.
- The Maratha fiscal and financial system.
- Emergence of Afghan Power, Battle of Panipat:1761.
- State of politics, culture and economy on the eve of
the British conquest.
PAPER - II
European Penetration into India:
The Ear ly European Set t lements; The Portuguese and the Dutch; The English and the French East India
Companies; Their struggle for supremacy; Carnatic Wars; Bengal -The conflict between the English and
the Nawabs of Bengal; Siraj and the English; The Battle of Plassey; Significance of Plassey.
British Expansion in India: Bengal Mir Jafar and Mir Kasim; The Battle of Buxar; Mysore; The Marathas; The three Anglo-
Maratha Wars; The Punjab.
3. Early Structure of the British Raj: The early administrative structure; From diarchy to direct control; The Regulating Act
(1773); The Pitts India Act (1784); The Charter Act (1833); The voice of free trade and the changing character of Br i t ish
colonial rule; The English utilitarian and India.
4. Economic Impact of British Colonial Rule:
(a) Land revenue settlements in British India; The Permanent Settlement; Ryotwari Settlement ; Mahalwari Settlement ;
Economic impact of the revenue arrangements ; Commercialization of agriculture ; Rise of landless agrarian labourers;
Impoverishment of the rural society.
(b) Dislocation of traditional trade and commerce; De-industrialisation; Decline of traditional crafts; Drain of wealth;
Economic Transformation of india ; Railroad and communication network including telegraph and postal services; Famine
and poverty in the rural interior; European business enterprise and its limitations.
5. Social and Cultural Developments:
The state of indigenous education, its dislocation; Orientalist-Anglicist Controversy, the Introduction of western educat ion
in India; The r ise of press, literature and public opinion; The rise of modern vernacular literature; Progress of science;
Christian missionary activities in India.
6 . Social and Religious Reform movements in Bengal and Other Areas:
Ram Mohan Roy, The Brahmo Movement; Devendranath Tagore; Is War Chandra Vidyasagar; The Young Bengal Movement;
Dayanada Saraswati; The social reform movements in India including Sati, widow Remarriage, child marriage etc.; The
contribution of Indian renaissance to the growth of modern India; Islamic revivalism the Feraizi and Wahabi Movements.
7. Indian Response to British Rule:
Peasant movements and tribal uprisings in the 18th and 19th centuries including the Rangpur Dhing (1783), the Kol
Rebellion (1832), the Mopla Rebellion in Malabar (1841-1920), the Santal Hul (1855), Indigo Rebel l ion (1859-60) , Deccan
Upr ising (1875) and the Munda Ulgulan (1899- 1900); The Great Revolt of 1857 - Origin, Character, Causes of failure the
consequences; The shift in the character of peasant upr isings in the post -1857 period; the peasant movements of the
1920s and 1930s.
8. Factors leading to the birth of Indian Nationalism: Politics of Association; The Foundation of the Indian
National Congress; The Safety-valve thesis relating to the birth of the Congress; Programme and objectives
of Early Congress; the social composition of early Congress leadership; The Moderates and Extremists; the
Partition of Bengal (1905); The Swadeshi Movement in Bengal; the economic and political aspects of
Swadeshi Movement; The beginning of revolutionary extremism in India.
9. Rise of Gandhi, Character of Gandhian nationalism: Gandhi s popular appeal ; Rowlatt Satyagraha ; the
Khilafat Movement; the Non-co operation Movement; National politics from the end of the Non-
cooperation movement to the beginning of the Civil Disobedience movement; the two phases of the Civil
Disobedience Movement ; Simon Commission ; The Nehru Report; the Round Table Conferences;
Nationalism and the Peasant Movements; Nationalism and Working class movements; Women and Indian
youth and students in Indian politics (1885-1947); the election of 1937 and the formation of ministries;
Cripps Mission; the Quit India Movement; the Wavell Plan; The Cabinet Mission.
10. Constitutional Developments in the Colonial India between 1858 and 1935.
11. Other strands in the National Movement The Revolutionaries: Bengal, the Punjab, Maharashtra, U.P,
the Madras Presidency, Outside India. The Left; The Left within the Congress: Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas
Chandra Bose, the Congress Socialist Party ; the Communist Party of India, other left parties.
12. Politics of Separatism the Muslim League: the Hindu Mahasabha ; Communalism and the politics of
partition; Transfer of power; Independence.
13. Consolidation as a Nation: Nehrus Foreign Policy; India and her neighbours (1947-1964); The linguistic
reorganisation of States (1935-1947); Regionalism and regional inequality; Integration of Princely States;
Princes in electoral politics; the Question of National Language.
14. Caste and Ethnicity after 1947: Backward castes and tribes in post - colonial electoral politics; Dalit
movements.
15. Economic development and political change: Land reforms ; the politics of planning and rural
reconstruction; Ecology and environmental policy in post - colonial India; Progress of science.
16. Enlightenment and Modern ideas:
(i) Major ideas of Enlightenment: Kant, Rousseau.
(ii) Spread of Enlightenment in the colonies. (iii) Rise of socialist ideas (up to Marx); spread of Marxian
Socialism.
17. Origins of Modern Politics:
(i) European States System.
(ii) American Revolution and the Constitution.
(iii) French revolution and aftermath, 1789-
1815.
(iv) American Civil War with reference to
Abraham Lincoln and the abolition of slavery.
(v) Br i t ish Democrat ic Politics, 1815 - 1850;
Parliamentary Reformers, Free Traders,
Chartists.
18. Industrialization:
(i) English Industrial Revolution : Causes and
Impact on Society
(ii) Industrialization in other countries: USA,
Germany, Russia, Japan
(iii) Industrialization and Globalization.
19. Nation-State System:
(i) Rise of Nationalism in 19th century
(ii) Nationalism: state-building in Germany
and Italy
(iii) Disintegration of Empires in the face of
the emergence of nationalities across the
world.



20. Imperialism and Colonialism:
(i) South and South-East Asia
(ii) Latin America and South Africa
(iii) Australia
(iv) Imperialism and free trade: Rise of neo-
imperialism.
(iv) South-East Asia-Vietnam 21. Revolution and
Counter-Revolution:
(i) 19th Century European revolutions
(ii) The Russian Revolution of 1917- 1921
(iii) Fascist Counter-Revolution, Italy and Germany.
(iv) The Chinese Revolution of 1949
22. World Wars:
(i) 1st and 2nd World Wars as Total Wars: Societal
implications
(ii) World War I: Causes and consequences
(iii) World War II: Causes and consequence
23. The World after World War II:
(i) Emergence of two power blocs
(ii) Emergence of Third World and non-alignment
(iii) UNO and the global disputes.
24. Liberation from Colonial Rule:
(i) Latin America-Bolivar
(ii) Arab World-Egypt
(iii) Africa-Apartheid to Democracy

25. Decolonization and Underdevelopment:
(i) Factors const raining development: Latin America, Africa

26. Unification of Europe:
(i) Post War Foundations: NATO and European Community
(ii) Consolidation and Expansion of European Community
(iii) European Union.

27. Disintegration of Soviet Union and the Rise of the Unipolar World:
(i) Factors leading to the collapse of Soviet communism and the Soviet Union, 1985-1991
(ii) Political Changes in Eastern Europe 1989-2001.
(iii) End of the cold war and US ascendancy in the World as the lone superpower.
History of India
Based on tools divided into following
Paleolithic
lower(100000 years)
Middle(40000 years agao)
Lower(10000 BC)
Mesolithic(
Neolithic

Paleolithic period
Tools:
Lower: handaxe, chopper, cleaver, choppingtools
Middle: flakes
Upper: burins and scrapers
It is likely that the palaeolithic people subsisted on such animals as ox, bison, nilgai, chinkara,
gazelle, black buck antelope, sambar, spotted deer wild boar, a variety of birds, and tortoises
and fishes and on honey and plant foods like fruits roots, seeds and leaves.
Paleolithic sites
Sohan valley: Adial, Balwal and Chauntra, The banks of rivers Beas, Bangange and Sirsa
The Luni river (Rajasthan) complex. Chittorgarh (Gambhirs basin), Kota (Chambal basin), and
Negarai (Berach basin)
Attirambakkam, gudiyam(TN)
Anganwadi, bhagalkot(Ghatprabha)
Buharbalang valley in orissa
Suvarnarekha valley, damodar valley
Chirki, Koregaon,Chandoli and Shikarpur in maharastra
River belts for paleolithic sites
Luni
Beas, bangange, sirsa
Sabarmathi, mahi
Narmada
Tapti, godavari, krishna, bhima,
Raro
Baitarani, brahmani, mahanadi
Palar, penniyar, kaveri

Sohanian culture: The name is derived from the Sohan river, a tributary of Indus.Found
in the Siwalik Hills in North-west India and Pakistan. The artefacts of these stages were
found in three river terraces which were correlated with the phases of the four-fold
Pleistocene glaciation. These stages have been named T1, T2 and T3.
The animal remains from this deposit included horse, buffalo, straight-tusked
elephant and hippopotamus, suggesting an environment characterized by perennial
water sources, tree vegetation and grass steppes. The tools included the pebble
choppers, blades etc.
Acheulian culture Acheulian culture, named after French site of St. Acheul, was the first
effective colonization of the Indian subcontinent and is almost synonymous with the
lower Palaeolithic settlements in India. The Acheulian culture was a hunter-gatherer
culture that adapted to a variety of climates including but not limiting to western
Rajasthan, Mewar plain, Saurashtra, Gujarat, Central India, Deccan plateau, Chota Nagpur
plateau and the Eastern Ghats, north of the Cauvery river
Bhimbekta rock shelters
Bhimbekta rock shelters
Raisen district of madya pradesh
Group of 5 clusters with more than 400 sites
Discovered by Wawankar
5 times periods present
Upper paleolithic: red and green lines; bison, tiger and rhino
Mesolithic: bows&arrows, spears, sticks; dances, birds, hunting scenes,
Chalcolithic: interaction with malwa plains
Early historic: red, whtie and yellow, sccripts, tunic like dresses, yaksha, try god and
magical sky chariots
Medieval: colors prepared by combining manganese, hematite and wooden coal.
Mesolithic
Pleistocene ended and climate got warmer
Tools: microliths or small stone tools, very small in size and length of 1 to 8cms and
introduction of geometric shapes
Palaeolithic tools like scraper, burin and even choppers also continue
Blade, core, point, triangle, lunate and trapeze are the main types of
Mesolithic tools
Fluting: method of blade production
Tilwara: copper fish hook, habitation site
Bagor: largest & completely documented site. By V N mishra.
Has 3 cultural phases. Bones of both domesticated and wild animals found
Langhnaj: fist site in arid zone. More than 100 sites found in consolidated sand dunes. H
D sankalia
3 cultural phases. Phase I has microliths, burials and animal bones

Mesolithic sites
The Pachpadra basin and the Sojat area (Rajasthan) are rich in mimliths. The significant
habitation site discovered is Tilwara. Tilwara has two cultural phases, Phase-I is Mesolithic and
is characterized by the presence of microliths. In Phase-II wheel made pottery and pieces of
iron are found together with microliths.
Bagor (Rajasthan) on the river Kothari is the largest Mesolithic site in India and has been
horizontally excavated. Bagor has three cultural phases. On the basis; of radiocarbon dating
phase I or the earliest phase of culture has been placed between 5000-2000 B.C.
The Kriahna and Bhima rivers have produced my microliths. The microliths in many clums
survive to the phase of Neolithic Cultures. Sangankallu situated on the western fringe of the
Kmmtaka plateau has produced cores, Wes, points and aescents. The Godavari delta is rich in
micrdiths. Here the micrdiths are associated with the Nedithic Culture. The Kurnool area has
many microliths. Microliths have also been reported from Renigunta, in Chittoor district in
Andhn Pradesh. Since tbe Mesolithic age covers a long span of time and there are many
mesolithic sites in India, an attempt bas been made to classify different sites chronologically
and on the basis of material remains. Some sites are real Mesolithic sites because of the
abundance of microliths and chronological sequence and some ::t% are chronologically of
later time and reflect the infiuence of Mesolithic culture and these sites fall in the category
of the sites of Mesolithic tradition.
Life styles
Hunting and gathering majorly
Bhimbekta, adamgarh, pratapgarh, mirzapur: famous painting
Rhinpceros hunt in adamgarh
Deer and antelope most common
Carefully burying dead(life after death belief started here?)
Dating methods
Paleomagnetism/archaeomagentism/magentostratigraphy
Radioactive dating(radio carbon, K-Ar, Ur, etc)
Luminescence
ESR
dendrochronology
Stratigraphy
principles of original horizontality, superposition, and cross-cutting relationships
Neolithic
First site is Mehrgarh(around 7000 BC)
Crop cultivation, animal husbandry and settled life defines neo lithic
Divided into pre ceramic and ceramic phase
Chalcolithic
Use of stone along with copper(first metal to be used)
Largely in isolation from harappan
Banas or ahar culture
South rajasthan(river banas)
Ahar, gilund and balathal critical sites
Ahar: 3 phases. A(2580 BC), B(2080 BC) and C(1500 BC). Complete absence of
stone tools, presence of copper slag indicating copper smelting center. Copper
brought from aravalli hill range. Dominant ware is black and red ware with white
decoration. Saddle querns and rubbing stones indicate grain production.
Humped animals important. Animals include : domestic fowl, ass, buffalo,
sheep, goat and pig. Grains: rice, sorghum, bajra and millet. Huts made of mud,
stone and wattle daub
Gilund: stone blade industry. Structural remains exists. System of mud brick walls
formed of a platform(similar to harappan)
Balathal: 2600 to 2000 BC. Stones used for construction and with kitchen and
storage spaces. Plants: wheat, barley, millet, black gram, green gram, peas,
linseed and jujube. Antiquities: terracotta bull, terracota beads, terracotta ball,
stone querns, grinders and hammer stone.

chalcolithic
Malwa region

Critical places of Pre historic times
Adamgarh, brahmagiri, birbhanpur, chopani mando, jalala halli, jambudip, dorothy
deep,lekhania, mahadaha, morhana pahar, sarai nahar rai: Mesolithic sites

Ahar, chandoli, chirand, diamabad, ganeshwar, gilund, inamgaon, jorwe, kayatha, kili gul
mohammad, nevasa, pandu rajar dhibi, senuwar: Chalcolithic

Anjira, burzahom, chechar kutubpur, daojali hading, galigai cave, gufkal, gumla, jalilpur,
koldihwa, loebnar, mehrgarh, mundigak, napchik, pynthorlangtein, rana ghundai,
saraikhola, sarutaru, taradih, utnur, watgal: neolithic
Indus valley civilization
Charles masson visited first the village first in 1826
Sir alexander cunnigham in 1872 took samples from the site
John marshall announced the city to the world(Director Gen of ASI)
Radio carbon dating, mohenjadaroo found settlement underneath buddhist
monastery(kushan period)
No use of Iron. Hence belong to pre Iron age
Similar objects found in mesopotamia
Chronology
Neolithic: 5500-3500 BC
Early harappan: 3500-2600 BC
Mature harappan: 2600-1800 BC
Late harappan: 1800 onwards
Around 1299600 sq Kms in size. 1100Kms N-S and 1550 Kms W-E

Excavators
A ghosh: sarasvathi and its tributary, discovered more than 25 sites
Suraj bhan: upper sarasvati basin in 60s, disccovered sites in banawali, rakhigarhi,
mithathal
S R Rao: in 50s and 60s explored gujarat
Y D sharma: Punjab,
J P joshi: Kutch area
Chronology
Person Timeline Reason
Marshall 3250-2750 Based on Mohenjadaroo. 1000 years for antecedent growth
Mackay(1927-28) 2800-2500 Based on his work at Mohenjadaroo
MS Vats(1921-31) 3500-2500 Based on Harappa(felt earlier than Mohenjadaroo)
C j gadds 2350-1770 Based on Indus like seals at Ur mesopotamia
Piggott & wheeler 2500-
1500(1700)
Cross linked with items dates(imported from mesopotamia) & established
timelines. Items: carnelian beads and stone house urns
Allbright(1955) -1750 To coincide with mesopotamia evidence
Fairservice 2000-1500 Based on radioC14 dating for Quetta valley
D P agarwal 2300-1750 Plotted 2 dozen dates(Kot diji, kalibangan & lothal inc)
Dales 2900-1900 Applied correction factors(Kot diji, kalibangan, amri, mohenjadaroo, harappa,
Rojdi, lothal). All sites included
Robert H
Brunswig
2800-2000 3 phase proposal. Formative(2800-2500), mature(2500-2200) Late(2200-2000)
J P Joshi 2480-
2050(mature)
Excavation at Surkotada introduced 3 sub mature phases. 2480-2300,2290-
2140,2130-2020. MASCA calibration
Possehl 2867-2000 Urban into four phases
Rafiq Mughal 3500- 2 phase of early harappan. First beginning(3500-3400) & second
beginning(3000-2900)

Early Harappan spread
Mundigak
Located on trade route. Found both iranian and baluchisthan artifacts.
Has a palace(lot of pillars), potential temple and sun dried defensive square brick wall.
Bronze tools found
Stones: lapis-lazuli, steatite(from Iran & central asia since they are not available locally)
Quetta valley
Damb sadatt has large houses with brick walls: 3 millenium BC. Similar pottery paintings
to mundigak. Used clay seal and copper as well
Rana ghundai finely made painted pottery with friezes of humped bull in black
Periano Ghundai female figurines
Central and south baluchisthan
Anjira, Togau, Nindowari and Balakot
Seems to have both persian influence and Indus influence (e g: Pottery)
Used pipal and humped bull(motif in pottery) which continued into Mature harappan

Early Harappan spread
Indus area
Amri
People live in mud and stone brick houses.
Granary found
Wheel made pottery and motifs of humped bull. Similar findings in Tharro &
Kohtras buthi
Fortified settlements
Kot diji

Mehrgarh
Rahman dheri
Tarkai Qila

Indus valley civilization
Critical cities
Nucleus cities
Mohenjadaroo
Harappa
Dolahira
Rakhigarhi


Coastal cities
Suktagendor
Balakot
Alladinho
Lothal
Kuntasi

Other cities & townships
Chanhudrao
Kot diji
Surkotada
Desalpur
Kalibangan
Rupar
Manda
Rojdi
Banawali
Kunal

Mahajanapadas

Mauryan empire

Sungas
Kanvas

Middle kingdoms
Satavahana dynasty
Gupta empire
Sakas
Yavanas or yonas
Pahlavas
Hunas
Kushans
Parthians
Rais
Shahi

deccan
Satavahana
Mahameghavahana dynasty
Gupta
Vakatakas
Harsha vardhana
Gurjars
Vishnukundinas
Maitrakas
Gurjara pratiharas
Rajputs
Katoch
Chauhans



Deccan
Kachwaha
Paramaras
Solankis
Tanwars
Palas
Candra
Eastern ganga
Senas
Varmans

Northeast
Varman
The Mlechchha dynasty
Palas
Twirpa

South
Chola
Chera
Pandyas
Kalabhras
Kadamba
Western ganga
Badami chalukya
Pallavas
Eastern chalukya
Rashtrakutas
Western chalukya
Yadavas
Kakatiyas
Kalachuris
hoysala
Medieval india

Chola

Hoysala

Rajput

Sikh

Deccan sultanate

Gajapati kingdom

Vijayanagara

Reddy

Ahom

Mughal empire

Maratha empire

Delhi sultanante

Trigarta kingdom

kakatiya

Significant individuals
Chandra gupta maurya
Kautilya
Shankaracharya
Vedanta, Ramanuja and Vishishtadvaita, Madhva and Brahma-Mimansa
Ashoka
Allauddin khilji
Muhammad Tughluq
Fi ruz Tughluq
Babur
Humayun
Sher shah
Akbar
Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb.

Paper 2 syllabus
General Studies-I 300 Marks (Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World and Society)
Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture from ancient to modern
times.
Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present- significant events,
personalities, issues
The Freedom Struggle - its various stages and important contributors /contributions from different parts of the
country.
Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country.
History of the world will include events from 18
th
century such as industrial revolution, world wars, redrawal of
national boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc.-
their forms and effect on the society.
Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.
Role of women and women's organization, population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues,
urbanization, their problems and their remedies.
Effects of globalization on Indian society
Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism.
Salient features of world's physical geography.
Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent); factors
responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world
(including India)
Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical
features and their location- changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in
flora and fauna and the effects of such changes

Paper 3 syllabus
General Studies -II: 300 Marks (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International relations)
Indian Constitution- historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure.
Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution
of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein.
Separation of powers between various organs dispute redressal mechanisms and institutions.
Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme with that of other countries
Parliament and State Legislatures - structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of
these.
Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary Ministries and Departments of the
Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
Salient features of the Representation of People's Act.
Appointment to various Constitutional posts, powers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional
Bodies.
Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies
Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and
implementation.
Development processes and the development industry the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors,
charities, institutional and other stakeholders
Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes;
mechanisms, laws, institutions and
Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections.
Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.
Issues relating to poverty and hunger.
Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance- applications, models, successes, limitations,
and potential; citizens charters, transparency & accountability and institutional and other measures.
Role of civil services in a democracy.
India and its neighborhood- relations.
Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India's interests
Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India's interests, Indian diaspora.
Important International institutions, agencies and fora, their structure, mandate
Paper 4 syllabus
General Studies -III 300 Marks (Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management)
Development, Bio diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management.
Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and employment.
Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.
Government Budgeting.
Major crops cropping patterns in various parts of the country, different types of irrigation and irrigation systems storage,
transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers
Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Public Distribution System objectives,
functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food security; Technology missions;
economics of animal-rearing.
Food processing and related industries in India- scope and significance, location, upstream and downstream requirements,
supply chain management.
Land reforms in India.
Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth.
Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.
Investment models.
Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life
Achievements of Indians in science & technology;
indigenization of technology and developing new technology.
Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intellectual
property rights.
Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment
Disaster and disaster management.
Linkages between development and spread of extremism.
Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security.
Challenges to internal security through communication networks, role of media and social networking sites in internal security
challenges, basics of cyber security; money-laundering and its prevention
Security challenges and their management in border areas; linkages of organized crime with terrorism
Various Security forces and agencies and their mandate
Paper 5 syllabus
General Studies -IV 300 Marks (Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude)
This paper will include questions to test the candidates' attitude and approach to issues relating to integrity, probity in
public life and his problem solving approach to various issues and conflicts faced by him in dealing with society.
Questions may utilise the case study approach to determine these aspects. The following broad areas will be covered.
Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in human actions; dimensions of
ethics; ethics in private and public relationships.
Human Values - lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators; role of family,
society and educational institutions in inculcating values.
Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought and behaviour; moral and political
attitudes; social influence and persuasion.
Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service , integrity, impartiality and non-partisanship, objectivity, dedication
to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker-sections.
Emotional intelligence-concepts, and their utilities and application in administration and governance.
Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and world.
Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and problems; ethical concerns and dilemmas in
government and private institutions; laws, rules, regulations and conscience as sources of ethical guidance;
accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance;
ethical issues in international relations and funding; corporate governance.
Probity in Governance: Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of governance and probity; Information
sharing and transparency in government, Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen's
Charters, Work culture, Quality of service delivery, Utilization of public funds, challenges of corruption.
Case Studies on above issues.

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