Chap 4: Chemical Composition of the Cell

Carbohydrate
(C, H, O)
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Lipid (C, H, O)
Fat & Oil
Wax
Phospholipid
Steroid
Saturated
Importance
Unsaturated
Importance
Proteins (C, H,
O, P, N, S)
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Essential Non-essential
Importance
Nucleic Acid
(C, H, O, P, N)
Nucleotide
RNA DNA
Function
Water
Function
Enzyme
Function
Intracellular Extracellular
Synthesis Mechanism
of action
Click purple-
coloured box for
more info.
Monosaccharide is the simplest form of carbohydrate. Some common ones are glucose, fructose &
galactose.
Carbohydrate has a composition of C
n
H
2n
O
n
Lets assume that Im glucose &
these are my friends, fructose
& galactose. Im the most
common monosaccharide
Im fructose and Im found in most
sweet fruits and honey too Of
course, the real monosaccharide
molecule is not as attractive as us
Im galactose and Im found in
milk. This is how
monosaccharide molecules look
like. Hrmmm.
Were reducing sugar. We
form red-brick precipitate
when heated in Benedicts
solution
Carbohydrate is important for providing energy.
Disaccharide
Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide = Disaccharide. They are formed through condensation (release
1 molecule of H
2
O)
Glucose + Glucose Maltose (malt sugar)
Im ingredient used in brewing of beer

Glucose + Fructose Sucrose (cane sugar)
Im found in sugar cane, sweet fruits and roots of some plants like carrot

Used as sweetener in beverages and cooking.
Glucose + Galactose Lactose (milk sugar)
Im present in milk of mammals, including human

This is the molecular structure of
sucrose (disaccharide). Only sucrose
is a non-reducing sugar.
Polysaccharide
SEMUT FAMOUS MAKAN GULA LAGI
GALAK
SEMUT FAMOUS
MAKAN GULA
LAGI GALAK
Many glucose undergo condensation to become polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are insoluble in water, do not taste sweet
and do not crystallise.
There are basically 3 types of polysaccharides, ie. starch,
glycogen and cellulose.
Starch is the main energy storage in plants
Found in wheat, rice, corn, potato and bread
Changes iodine solution from brown to blue-black
Glycogen is the main energy storage in animals and yeast
Stored in liver & muscle
Cellulose is the polysaccharides that makes up cell wall
Cell wall provides support for plants
Polysaccharides can be broken down into smaller molecules via hydrolysis
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Proteins (C, H,
O, P, N, S)
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Importance:
Cell growth & renew damaged cells
Synthesis of enzymes, antibodies &
some hormones
Form keratin (skin), collagen (bone)
Part of plasma membrane (structure &
regulate movement of substances)
Synthesis of haemoglobin
Essential
Non-essential
Cant be synthesised
Obtained from diet
Found in animal protein
Can be synthesised
Derived from other amino acids
An analogy on the structure of proteins
A straight wire
Coiled / Folded wire
A tangled wire
Few tangled wires
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Lipid (C, H, O)
Importance:
o Source of energy
o Insulate heat
o Protection to major organs
1 glycerol 3 fatty acids
consists
Fats & oils
a) Saturated fat
Fatty acid that has no double bond such as animal fat.
Dont react with additional hydrogen bonds as has
maximum number of hydrogen.
Contain more cholesterol and solid at room
temperature.
b) Unsaturated fat
At least one fatty acid has one double bond such as
corn oil & palm oil.
Can react with additional hydrogen atoms.
Contain less cholesterol and is liquid at room
temperature.
divided into
Waxes
Long-chained molecule causing it to be waterproof.
Cuticle of epidermis of certain plants.
Sebum excreted by oil gland in skin.
Phospholipids
Main component of plasma membrane
Steroids
Cholesterol a mojor part of the plasma membrane and
also a precursor for synthesis of steroids & vitamin.
Other example of steroids are hormones (oestrogen,
progesterone & testosterone)
Saturated & unsaturated fat
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Nucleotide
Nucleic Acid
Store genetic information
Basic structure is nucleotide
Double-stranded nucleic acid Single-stranded nucleic acid
Mostly found in nucleus, but also
in chloroplasts & mitochondria
Found in cytoplasm, ribosome & in
nucleus
Holds genetic information of
organism
Helps in synthesis of protein
Genetic material for some viruses
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Water
Function
Medium for
biochemical
reaction
Universal solvent
Due to polarity
Transport medium
Blood plasma (90% water)
carries many biological
molecules
Maintain osmotic balance &
turgidity
Maintain osmotic balance by
regulating salt concentration
In animals, this happen
between blood & interstitial
fluid
In plants, it helps plant cells
become turgid
Provide support
Support structure
of the cell
Provide moisture
Moist the surface of
respiratory tract
Allows diffusion of gas
Maintain body temperature
Help distribute heat in body
Transpiration in plants help
keep tissue cool
High surface tension &
cohesion
Allow continuous flow of
water up the stem to leaves
Lubricant
Mucus (intestinal tract)
Synovial fluid (in joints)
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Enzyme
Intracellular
Extracellular
For use within the cell
To be secreted outside the cell
Synthesis
Extracellular
enzyme after
synthesis
Synthesis of enzyme is
the same as that of
protein as enzyme is
also a types of protein
Mechanism
of action
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Act as catalyst which can alter
and speed up chemical reaction
LOCK and KEY hypothesis
Function
Enzyme
Synthesis of enzyme is the same as that of protein as
enzyme is also a types of protein
Synthesis of
extracellular enzyme
NAK -nucleus
DAPAT - DNA
RESULT - RNA
REAL - ribosome
ROCK - RER
kena tengok
TV transport vesicle
dan
GIGIT golgi apparatus
STOKIN secretory vesicle
PM - plasma membrane
Explain the formation of
extracellular enzyme
Nucleus contain DNA
DNA contains genetic information
RNA copy the genetic information and transfer to ribosome
Ribosome synthesis protein ad transfer to RER
RER transport protein to golgi apparatus
via transport vesicles
Golgi apparatus processing and packaging protein
Modified protein transported by secretory vesicle
to plasma membrane

Enzyme
Factors that
affects
temperature
pH
General
charactheristic
TEMPAH SUP
EKOR
Substrate
concentration
Enzyme concentration
S/U PERSATUAN RECYCLE NAMA DIA ISMAIL QAYYUM
SANGAT UNIK
Speed up
Protein
Reversible
Protein not destroy at the
end of reaction
Needed in small amount
Highly specific
Protein unchanged at the end
of reaction
temp. collision between
enzyme and substrate
changing pH cause
enzyme to change shape
[enzyme] , rate of enzyme
reaction as substrate
concentration high
rate of enzyme reaction
increase until saturation
point. all enzyme saturated
with substrate
Enzyme
INHIBITOR
COFACTOR /
COENZYME
Non competent Competent
Decrease enzyme activity,
e.g. drugs and poison
ACTIVATOR
Increase enzyme activity