Areej Awesat Rimah Hammad Shorouq Roma

Supervisor:
Dr. Omar Surkhi
Outline
3
.
1
.
2
.
4
.
The need for conductor in Transmission Lines (T.L).

Introductions
Types of conductors in T.L
Conclusion
2
5
.
Surface Finishes
Engineering and Integrated Design 8/11/2011
The need for conductor in Transmission Lines(T.L)

The transmission grid is a critical component of the reliable
and economic delivery of electricity from power generation
facilities to consumers.
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Introduction(1/3)
Remarkable changes have occurred in the utility industry when Thomas
Edison invent the electrical lamp.

The Industry sector dependent on electric power.

So we need to transmit the electrical energy from power generation to
consumer.

Copper was the first metal used to transmit electricity.

The designer studied characteristics of material(conductor type , current
carrying capability , thermal performance , conductor creep , conductor
strength , metal fatigue ).


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Introduction

Aluminum began to replace copper as the metal of choice for transmission
and distribution conductors.

Characteristics of aluminum:
o Cost less than copper.
o The weight of aluminum is less than copper.
o aluminum ranks second only to copper in volume conductivity
o a conductivity-to-weight ratio twice that of copper.
o strength-to-weight ratio is 30% greater than copper.

Experience indicated the need for a conductor with a greater strength-to-
weight ratio.


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Introduction
Types of AL T.L:

AAC - All Aluminum Conductor
AAAC - All Aluminum Alloy Conductor .
ACSR - Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced .
ACAR - Aluminum Conductor Aluminum-Alloy Reinforced .

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Types of conductors in T.L(1/6)






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AAC - All Aluminum Conductor :
AAC conductor is manufactured from electrolytically refined aluminum,
having purity of minimum 99.5% of aluminum (with minimum Conductivity of
61%).

Key Benefits
Conductivity of AAC Conductor is high.
AAC Conductor is corrosion resistant.




ACSR - Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced:
A standard of the electrical utility industry since the early 1900's.
It is available in a wide range of steel varying from as low as 6% to as
high as 40 %.
The higher strength ACSR conductors are used for river crossings,
overhead ground wires, .. etc.
The inner-core wires of ACSR may be of zinc coated (galvanized) steel,
available in standard weight .

Key Benefits
High tensile strength .
Light weight .

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Types of conductors in T.L(2/6)

AAAC - All Aluminum Alloy Conductor :
This conductor is made from aluminium-magnesium-silicon alloy of high
electrical conductivity.
containing enough magnesium silicide to give it better mechanical properties
after treatment.

Key Benefits:
High tensile strength as compared to AAC conductor.
Higher conductivity as compared to ACSR conductor.
Better corrosion resistance than ACSR conductor.
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Types of conductors in T.L(3/6)


Physical contents of aluminum alloy :
Density - 2.70 kgm/dm3 at 20C
Coefficient of Linear Expansion - 23 x 10-6 / C
Resistivity - 0.0326 Ohms mm2/m at 20C
Constant Mass Temperature Coefficient (a) - 0.00360/ C.
Material - Heat treated Al. Mg. Si. Alloy.

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Types of conductors in T.L(5/6)

ACAR - Aluminum Conductor Alloy Reinforced:
combines 1350 and 6201 aluminum alloy strands to provide a transmission
conductor with an excellent balance of electrical and mechanical properties.

Key Benefits:
ACAR has moderate breaking load (Higher than AAC and lower than ACSR).
ACAR has good corrosion resistance (no steel wires).
ACAR has high conductivity when compared to ACSR and AAAC.

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Types of conductors in T.L
Expanded ACSR :
is designed to be used where large diameter single conductors are required to
reduce the electrical stress gradient at the surface of the conductor to provide
corona-free operation.
Expansion has been achieved by the use of extruded metal shapes and various
rope, paper or jute fillers.
Expanded conductors can offer improved sag characteristics as well as
efficient design.
Because of the precise fabrication techniques required to manufacture
expanded conductors and a history of installation problems, these conductors
have not been widely used.

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Types of conductors in T.L(6/6)
Surface finishes
The surface of a conductor must be relatively clean and smooth to
perform satisfactorily as an electrical conductor.

Special surface treatments required to:
Reduce reflectivity.
Special appearance.

Non-specular term is used to infer that the surface of an aluminum
conductor, has been either mechanically or chemically treated to produce
reduced reflectivity.

The non-specular surface finishes increase the surface emissivity of the
conductor.
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Conclusion

The choice of the conductor must be based on its basic physical,
mechanical and electrical parameters.

Some of these properties:
conductor diameter.
weight per unit length.
conductivity of material(s) .
fatigue resistance.
cost of material(s) .

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