EGYPT SOUTH VALLEY

DEVELOPMENT
GROUP MEMBERS
KARTIK KATWAL
HIMANSHU SINGLA
AKSHAJ SAPEHIA
UDAY PAL SINGH
ABHISHEK KUMAR
- B130030096
- B130030097
- B130030098
- B130030099
- B130030100
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
NEED OF DEVLOPING VALLEY
OVERVIEW OF PROJECT
A GLANCE AT EGYPT
RIVER NILE DISTRIBUTION
SHEIKH ZAYED CANAL
MUBARAK PUMPING STATION
KEY PLAYERS AND EXPENDITURE
CIVIL ENGEENERING INVOLVEVMENT
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES
HEALTH ISSUE OF WORKERS
SHORTCOMINGS
CURRENT STATUS
CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
South valley development or Toshka project initiated by Egypts president
Hosni Mubarak in 1997.
Developed in Toshka, East Oweinat and the New Governorate Oases .
Designed to-
o Ease population in the Nile Valley.
o To increase Egypts economy.
o Change approximate 740,000 acres of desert into habitable land allowing 6
million people to live there by 2017.
Creating over 10,000 job opportunities.


INTRODUCTION
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NEED OF DEVELOPING VALLEY
Egypt is the 3
rd
populous nation in Africa continent and 15
th
in the world
and the population is increasing at a reckless rate. It is expected to reach
120 millions in next 20 years.
The only source to meet the demands of water of this huge population is
the river nile and Egypt is settled along its banks from ancient times and
now the places are becoming overcrowded.
In order to shift people from this old valley a new concept to develop a
valley i.e. south valley development by transferring water from river nile
to desert areas of country so as to develop the barren land to use it for
living, agricultural aspects and ultimately boosting the countrys
economy.
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OVERVIEW OF PROJECT
Toshka project in 1997 was proposed as part of Gamal Abdel Nassers
original plans for the High Dam in Aswan which was abandoned in
1964.

Toshka projects original objectives were set in two phases: in the first
one, the Sheikh Zayed Canal would be completed and 226800 hectares
would be reclaimed. At the end of the second phase in 2017, a total of
two million feddans would have been recovered from the Western
Desert.

The project was to dig a 240 kilometre canal out in the Western Desert
to supply Lake Nassers water to make new valley for 20% Egyptians.













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Egypt is a country in African northern part, most of its territory is
covered by the large regions of the Sahara Desert. Egypt has coastlines
on both the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea but river nile is the only
Source of water.
Over the past 20 years, the population of Egypt has risen from 20 to
nearly 70 million and it has been predicted that this trend will continue
and will be reaching 120 millions in next 20 years.
Nile covers mere 5.5 % area of Egypt but is the most important region
as the country's only cultivable regions and supporting about 99% of the
population.
80% of water is consumed in agriculture and Only 3.5 % area is
cultivated.

A GLANCE AT EGYPT

Egypt is about 98 % desert to feed ever growing population expansion of
agriculture is a must which can be achieved by increasing the irrigated land.
So there is a need for Egypt to carry such a large projects on irrigation and land
reclamation.
There is no pattern of rains in Egypt they are totally unpredictable, there are
many regions which receives very low rainfall whereas there are regions which
receives no rainfall throughout the year.
Heat is harshest in the south and west where summer temperatures reach a
sweltering high of 49 degrees Celsius.

















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Colonial distribution of water in river
Nile-
Egypt was liable to use 48 billion
cubic meters meters of the Nile flow
per year respectively
The flow of the Nile during January 29
to July 15 (dry season) would be reserved
for Egypt.
Egypt reserves the right to monitor the
Nile flow in the upstream countries.

RIVER NILE WATER DISTRIBUTION
According to 1959 nile waters treaty Egypt uses 55.5 billions cusec of water per
year while Sudan has a share of 18.5 billion cusec of water per year.
North Africa and the Middle East is home to more than 6% of the globe's
population, yet holds less than 2% of the planet's renewable fresh water, so many of
Egypt's neighbours view the project with understandable concern.
There is a deep concern with the other middle east nations regarding their share in
river nile which has just been the cup of tea of Egypt and Sudan.
Division of sudan into north and south have risen the dispute between both these
new nations of sharing various resources such as water has given an indication of
tension in the middle east.
There is an annual 1 billion m of rainfall, 7.5 billion m of ground water
and 5 billion m of recycled agricultural drainage water in Egypt.
In 2013 there have been issues between Ethiopia and Egypt regarding water
share in river nile. Ethiopia wanted to divert flow of river nile for their hydel
project but Egypt was not in that favour.
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SHEIKH ZAYED CANAL
The volume of water involved in the whole of the project so as to transport
water involving large pipes could have added more expenditure to worlds
largest project.
Use of canal was must step to transport the water in a cheaper and effective
way so sheikh zayed canal came into existence.
The canal was named in recognition of the $100 million donation to the
project, made through the Abu Dhabi development fund, by Sheikh Zayed
Bin Sultan El Nahayan, president of the United Arab Emirates.
It is more of an artificial river flowing at a distance of 240 km.

The project led to the development of the city of Abu Simbel, where there was
increased in population from 2000 people to 21 thousand people present, as well
as the development of the port of Abu Simbel.
Aswan and Abu Simbel got good connectivity in terms of road and
transportation.
There was significant increase in number of crafts workshops , restaurants, banks
and 17 thousand jobs.

Sheikh zayed canal
Mubarak pumping station
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Mubarak pumping station is said to be the centrepiece of Toshka project. It
was built around a budget of $436 million and was completed in march
2005.
Mubarak pumping station is the Biggest pumping station in world.
There are total 24 pumps which operates at 360 cubic metres discharge per
second.
The structural system that supports the station is made up of steel mini-
piles, which are cheap and earthquake resistant.
The underwater areas of the station use a jointless design i.e. This design
means that the structure is watertight even at a temperature range from 0 to
50 degrees C.

MUBARAK PUMPING STATION
There are 24 vertical pumps which are installed in
two parallel lines along both sides of the station.
The pumps are load-controlled and have adjustable
speed settings.
At any one time, only 18 of the pumps are
running. Three are used for maintenance needs,
and three are kept in reserve.



Mubarak pumping station
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The project sponsor is the Government of Egypt's Ministry of Water
Resources and Irrigation.
Hamza Associates and Lahmeyer produced the design of the Mubarak
Pumping Station and the construction consortium partners were Arabian
International, Skanska and Hitachi.
The electrical engineering was done by ABB. Morris Material Handling
provided cranes and Quantum Hydrometrie installed the ultrasonic discharge
measurement systems.
The project development and management team comprises a strategic
partnership of KADCO and Sun World.
KEY PLAYERS
Worlds largest project costing- $90 billions
20% funded by government of Egypt rest 80% by private sector.
Investment to Toshka region- $1.6 billions
Mubarak pumping station estimated at - $436 millions
Installation cost of east Oweinat - $422 billions
Sheikh canal - $1.6 billions
Infrastructure - $550 millions

EXPENDITURE
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CIVIL ENGEENERING INVOLVEVMENT
Toshka project had a starting budget of 90 billions $ therefore much was at stake
while developing this valley and point to prove to civil engineers that it can be a
reality which is surely going to boost Egypts economy.
Mubarak pumping station worlds largest pumping station is the biggest
achievement for the engineers as they have successfully developed the main part
of pumping water.
Due to high saline levels and the presence of underground aquifers in the area act
as a major obstacle to the project. As the land is irrigated, the salt would mix with
the aquifers and would reduce access to potable water.
Clay minerals in the soil are causing technical problems to the big wheeled
structures used to irrigate the land. The wheels gets stuck in a little bowl created
by wet clay that dried. These are the problems coming in implementing
technology which is causing delay of project but hope so researchers find a
solution to it.


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Dealing with the complex problems arising from rapid population growth in Egypt
that include jobs, food, housing, health, education, and transportation.
Doubling the amount of cultivated land in Upper Egypt.
Utilizing the massive amounts of water stored in Lake Nasser.
Facilitating power generation projects.
Offering venues for navigation and waterway transportation.
Promoting and developing fishery, tourism and recreational activities.
Reaching new areas with fresh water and creating favourable conditions for the south-
to-northwest water transfer.

ADVANTAGES
Relieving Lake Nasser from silt accumulating on its bed since the building
of Aswan High Dam in the 1960s and alleviating its negative effects on the
lakes capacity as well as the High Dams stability.
Construction of the new Toshka City that would serve a population of 5
million to relieve the overcrowded old valley.
Yielding botanical and animal resources that can be utilized in several
pharmaceutical and fish- processing industries.
Developing an environment in the area of the new project to attract wild
birds and animals.
Including solar and wind energy development used in generating clean
electrical power to meet expected demand.

Unrealistic water resources management by diverting water badly needed
in the traditionally most fertile land of the Nile Valley.
There will be shortage of water in Egypt if other Nile basin countries to
the south should build dams and divert some of the flow.
The negative effects of this project may have on the River Nile ecology,
particularly on wildlife, groundwater table level, irrigation, urbanization
and pollution.
Egypt is pouring money into desert reclamationwasted finances that
could have been used more productively in other urgent needs such as
health care, housing and education.

DISADVANTAGES
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Egypt is facing a growing agricultural shortfall and has become the world's
biggest wheat buyer, buying about half of its wheat.
A glimpse of success in new valley with orchards of grapes and fields of
wheat, beans and peanuts in operation, but nearly all of the produce is
exported because that's more profitable for the farming companies.
Three quarters of the area is allotted to the cultivation of cereal crops and
the remainder is devoted to vegetables and fruits, such as grapes, green
beans,strawberries,asparagus, palm and watermelon.
Upgrade horticultural crops marketing efficiency whose production is 19
million tons yearly.





AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES
Increase the annual rate of growth of agricultural production to 4%.
In upper Egypt and Oases which are a part of new valley land will be
allocated to educated youths and farmers for more production.
Increase edible oil crops production to substitute imports through the
expansion of sunflower and soybeans.
Various organisations such as WTO, EU and USA has encouraged by
accepting the exports from Egypt.

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Environmental levels of vibration, noise, heat stress, total suspended
particulates and dust were measured in the different activities of the
project.
Workers were classified according to the nature of occupational
exposure into three groups namely; earth workers, concrete workers
and administration workers.
It was found that musculoskeletal disorders, urinary tract troubles, ear-
nose-throat (ENT) problems were more in earth and concrete workers.
The current use of modern technology accounted for the low levels of
environmental exposure factors, as well as the high safety standards.
HEALTH ISSUES OF WORKERS
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SHORTCOMINGS
The project having budget nearly 100 billions $ can also have loopholes
in its fully operational and making a best use for the purpose it was
built.
There have been no transparency by the Water Resources and Irrigation
Ministry in showing all the studies it conducted before the start of
project.
There is no documented environmental impact assessment done on the
sight before the project was launched.
It is believed that Toshka project could have caused great damage to the
many ancient sites found in Kharga Oasis.
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CURRENT STATUS
In 2011 there was revolution in Egypt and President Hosni Mubarak
was overthrown and there was unstability around whole country.
There was a temporary hold on project development after the president
was dethroned. There were speculations that the name of the project will
be changed but so far no change is noticed.
Many organisations has an image of failure of the project but still
people have hope especially people involved in agriculture.
Although initial the deadline of the project is 2017 but it is now shifted
2020 hope so the project should be flourished to give all facilities to the
Egyptians.


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Sheikh zayed canal
Abu simbel
Future settlements
New valley development
CONCLUSION
South valley development is a great thinking from its planners as far
as condition and demands of Egypt are concerned.
It seriously lagged in planning the valley after going for such a large
investment. By the money they are spending they could have created
heaven itself.
By the year 2020 if Egypts dream will come true and it will surely
going to eliminate serious issues like unemployment , food and
shelter for people.
If we believe Toshka project to be ready in terms of infrastructure, the
real success of the project will be when the people who will be
settling there will realise the importance of place and will give their
best efforts to keep up the desired need from them.


South valley development project has already reclaimed 0.21million
hectare by the year 2002 and at the end of the project some 1.43m ha
will have been reclaimed.
This will increase the occupied area of the country from 4% to 24%.
If the project failed to deliver to its capability all the efforts made by
the organisations and people associated with it will go in vain
otherwise project will surely going to turn the desert into green
gardens capable of producing vegetables, fruits, livestock , poultry
and many more.


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Wahby, W. S. (2001). Egypt 2001Report on a study abroad course in
Egypt. Charleston: Eastern Illinois University.

http://www.egyptianagriculture.com/nile_river.html

Lets do it for the Kids: Toshka, Childrens Literature and Political
Propaganda research papers by Emma Deputy

http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Egypt/Egypt.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17216985

http://archrecord.construction.com/news/daily/archives/2010/100709Top
_Construction_projects/slide.asp?slide=2




REFERENCES
Toshka Project - Mubarak Pumping Station / Sheikh Zayed Canal,
Egypt

South Valley Development Project in Toshka, Egyptian Ministry of
Water Resources and Irrigation

http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/egypts-new-nile-
valley-grand-plan-gone-bad

http://www.groundbreakermag.com/ten-largest-projects/

http://ecouncil.ae/Sites/GSEC/Navigation/EN/MediaCentre/governm
ent-news,did=242418.html







http://www.geema.org/documentos/1316174204H4mGY9nk1Ia03E
W6.pdf
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