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BASIC INSTRUMENTATION

FOR
OIL / GAS INDUSTRIES
INDEX


I. INTRODUCTION

II. BASIC INSTRUMENT ITEMS

III. BASIC MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

IV. INTER DESCIPLINE CO-ORDINATION

V. INSTRUMENT DESIGN ACTIVITIES

VI. INSTRUMENT STANDARD SYMBOLS AND PRESENTATION

VII. TYPICAL INSTRUMENT INSTALLATION

VIII. TYPICAL CONTROL ROOM LAYOUT


I. INTRODUCTION


Instrumentation is playing vital role in the
Process Industries today.


Apart from achieving maximum production
at minimum cost, instrumentation also
ensures product quality and safety of
equipment/machinery and operating
personnel.

EVOLUATION OF INSTRUMENTATION TECHNOLOGY
Pneumatic System 3 to 15 Psi Signal (up to 70s)
Analogue(Microprocessor based) System 4 to 20 mA
Signal (70s Onwards)
Distributed Control System (DCS) (80s Onwards)
Fieldbus System (90s Onwards)
Wireless Instrumentation System (2000 Onwards)
II. BASIC INSTRUMENT ITEMS

o Measuring Instruments (Flow, Level, Pressure,
Temperature, Weight, Speed, Vibration, etc.)

o Control Instruments (Panel Instruments, PLC, DCS,
SCADA, etc.)

o Analyser (pH, Conductivity, DO, CO, CO2, O2, NOX, SO2
etc.)

o Control Valve (Pneumatic actuated, Motor actuated,
Piston actuated, etc.)

o Safety Valve ( Safety Relief, Thermal Relief, etc.)

III. BASIC MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

Instrumentation for any process monitoring
could be divided by 3 categories.

1. Essential instrumentation for monitoring
process parameters and ensuring safety in
plant operation.
2. Instrumentation for enhancing plant
efficiency and cutting down cost of
production.
3. Instrumentation to provide reliable data for
management/cost accounting and saving human
labour.

Now I will limit my discussion to category 1
and will cover measurement of the following
basic process parameters.

Flow Measurement
Pressure Measurement
Level Measurement
Temperature Measurement

Fluid flow is very important in all Chemical
Process Industries including the Oil &
Gas industry.
There is hardly any process or selection of
this industry where fluid flow in some form
or other is not encountered.
Flow measurement is necessary for material
and energy balances and for cost and
quality control. Hence, this measurement is
of prime importance in industry
1.0 FLOW MEASUREMENT
While selecting a flow metering device for a particular
application, the following factors should be taken into
consideration:

a. Rangeability
b. Accuracy of measurement required
c. Cost
d. Fluid Condition (Clean or entrained solids)
e. Flow Conditions (Pressure, temperature,
viscosity etc.)
f. Corrosiveness of fluids.


g. Installation and maintenance
requirements
h. Reliability
i. Type of read out required Local/Panel.
j. Pressure loss available.
k. Requirement of power i.e. electricity,
compressed air etc.
l. External environment requirements due
to corrosive or hazardous atmosphere.

For proper selection and measurement of process
parameters, services conditions must be known and
listed in detail. For example for Flow Measurement
the following conditions should be known & listed.

1.Line size.
2.Range of flow rates min, normal and maximum.
3.Fluid characteristics
a) Liquid, gas, slurry
b) Temp.
c) Pressure
d) Viscosity
e) Compressibility
f) Degree of superheat for steam
g) Molecular wt.
4. Corrosive effects.
5. Whether flow is pulsating.

Inferential measurement Direct quantity measurement Mass flow measurement
1. Variable area type (Rotameter) 1. Positive displacement Meters.
1. Impeller turbine meter Which
responds to rate of mass flow.
2. Variable Head type (D.P.
Meters)
2. Oval gear Meters
2. Volume flow rate meter with
automatic density correction.
3. Magnetic flow meter
4. Turbine meter
5. Target meter
6. Swirl meter
7. Vertex meter
8. Sonic meter
9. Pitot tube
MEASUREMENT METHODS AND METERS

1.1 Variable Area Meters (Rotameters)
Advantage
1. Good rangeability.
2. Relatively low cost.
3. Good for metering low flows.
4. Easily equipped with alarm switches.
5. No restrictions in regard to inlet and outlet piping
requirements (other than vertical flow requirements).
6. Low pressure drop requirement.
7. Can be used in some light slurry services.

Disadvantages/Limitations
1. Glass tube types subject to breakage.
2. Not good in pulsating services.
3. Must be mounted vertically.
4. Generally limited to small pipe sizes (unless bypass
rotameter is used).
5. Limited to relatively low temperature.
6. Require in-line mounting (except by-pass type).
1.2 Variable Head and Diff. Pressure Meters
This type of meter though one of the oldest, is still
used extensively. It outsprings all other types of
flow meters because of simplicity, accurate and
reliable measurement and low cost. It measures the
flow which is proportional to the differential
pressure created across the restriction. The
summary of various primary elements under this
category is shown in next slide:
Primary
element
Fluid
Permanent
Pressure-
loss
Range-
ability
Accuracy
Upstream
piping
Cost
Velocity
effect
Orifice Liquid, gas 50-90% 3:1 -1% 10D-30D Low High
Venturi
Tube
Liquid, gas 10-20% 3:1 1% 5D-10D Very High Very High
Flow
Nozzle
Liquid, gas 30-70% 3:1 1% 10D-30D Medium High
Pitot
Tube
Liquid, gas NIL 3:1 Variable 20D-30D Low Low
Advantages
1. Relatively low cost, especially for large lines.
2. Proven accuracy and reliability well known and predictable flow
characteristics.
3. Secondary or diff. device easily isolated for zero check or
calibration.
4. Adaptable to any pipe size
5. Cost remains almost the same with increasing pipe size.

Disadvantages/Limitations
1. Flow rangeability is 3:1
2. Relatively high permanent pressure loss.
3. Difficult to use for slurry services.
4. Square root characteristics.
5. Straight run lengths required for accurate measurement some
times present problems.
6. Pulsating flow difficult to measure.
7. Accuracy is dependent of fluid characteristics such as
pressure, temperature, viscosity etc.
CONCENTRIC ORIFICE PLATE

Advantages

1. Low cost
2. Available in many materials
3. Can be used for wide range of pipe materials
4. Good accuracy if Orifice plate is properly installed

Disadvantages

1. Relatively high permanent pressure loss
2. Accuracy depends on installation.
3. Tend to clog, reducing its use in slurry service.
VENTURI TUBES

Advantages

1. Low permanent pressure loss.
2. Can handle suspended solids.
3. Used for higher flow rates.
4. Well known characteristics.
5. More accurate over wide flow range than Orifice plate.

Disadvantages

1. High cost.
2. Not normally available line size below 6,
FLOW NOZZLE

Advantages

1. Permanent pressure loss lower than Orifice plate.
2. Available in numerous materials.

Disadvantages

1. Higher cost than Orifice plate.
2. Limited to moderate pipe sizes.
PITOT TUBE

Advantages

1. Essentially no pressure loss.
2. Economical to install.
3. Some types can be removed from the lines.

Disadvantages

1. Poor accuracy
2. Not recommended for dirty or sticky fluids.
3. Calibration data need to be supplied from manufacturer.
1.3 Magnetic Flow Meters
These are used primarily in difficult to measure
services where other, more economical type do not
function well. They are particularly well suited for
slurry and corrosive services but require that the
measured fluid be electrically conductive. No pressure
drop except straight line loss. Accuracy is unaffected
by pressure, viscosity, density or character of flow.
Response is linear with flow rate. The flow is inferred
from velocity of fluid.

Advantages
1. Can handle slurries
2. Can handle corrosive fluids
3. Has very low pressure drop.
4. No obstruction in pipe
5. Available in many construction materials
6. Available in large pipe sizes.
7. Piping configuration not critical
8. Bidirectional flow measurement
9. Measurement unaffected by viscosity, density, temperature or
pressure
10. Can measure turbulent or laminar flow
11. Unaffected by conductivity change

Disadvantages
1. Fluid must be conductive with minimum value required by particular
manufacturer.
2. Meters must be full all time
3. Relatively high in cost
4. Entrained gas, bubbles result in measurement error
5. In-line mounting required
6. Meter must be explosion proof when installed in hazardous area
1.4 Turbine Meters
These meters are used for applications where high
accuracy of the order of 0.25% is required. The
repeatability is excellent and the rangeability is also
good. This is popularly used for the measurement of
flow of ammonia. Here the velocity of fluid causes the
rotor of the turbine meter to rotate at a speed which
is proportional to the flow rate. The rotation of the
rotor is counted by a magnetic pick-up which
generates pulses. The output of the magnetic pick-up
is fed to the digital instrument for indication or
totalisation.
Advantages
1. Good accuracy
2. Excellent repeatability
3. Excellent rangeability
4. Low pressure drop
5. Easy to install and maintain
6. Can be compensated for viscosity variations
7. Adaptable to flow totalizing
8. Good temp. and pressure rating.

Disadvantage/Limitations
1. In line mounting required
2. Relatively high cost
3. Limited use for slurry applications
4. Non-lubricating fluids some times present problems
5. Straight run of pipe required ahead of the meter
6. Strainers/vapour eliminators recommended for these
meters.
2.0 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
The selection of pressure devices is not as difficult
as selecting flow or level devices. In pressure
measurement the emphasis is less on fluid
characteristics and more on consideration of
accuracy, range of measurement and material
selection. The pressure elements are generally
divided into the following categories.

1. Manometer
2. Bourdon Tube
3. Bellows
4. Diaphragm elements
5. Strain gauges
6. Chemical seal
2.1 Manometers
In early days of process instrumentation, their use was more
frequent, but now-a-days these are occasionally used for low
pressure services (few inches of water).

Advantages
1. Simple and time proven
2. High sensitivity
3. Moderate cost
4. Particularly suitable for low pressure and
low diff. applications
5. Wide range of filling fluids of varying
specific gravities.

Disadvantages/Limitations
1. Lack of portability
2. Need leveling
3. Generally large and bulky
4. No over range protection
5. Condensation may present problem
2.2 Bourdon Elements
C-type, helical and spiral type bourdon elements
comprises a high % of all pressure applications. Most
local pressure gauges and receiver gauges utilizes the
C-type bourdon tube.

C-type pressure range 1 to 7000 Kg/cm, accuracy
range 1% to 5%

Spiral element press. Range upto 7000 kg/cm,
accuracy 0.5%

Helical element press. Range 7 to 5500 kg/cm,
accuracy 0.5 to 1%
Advantages
1. Low cost
2. Simple construction
3. Years of experience in application
4. Available in wide variety of range
5. Good accuracy specially when
considered in relation to cost.

Disadvantages/Limitations

1. Susceptible to shock and vibration
2. Subject to hysteresis


2.3 Bellows Elements
Most bellows elements are used for low pressure
and differential pressure services. These are
widely used as differential units for flow
measurements particularly in field mounted
indicators/recorders.

These units operate from vacuum service upto 0-
30 Kg/cm. Some units are available that operate
upto 0-150 kg/cm. Accuracy is in the range of
0.5%.
Advantages
1. Moderate cost
2. Adaptable for absolute and diff.
pr. use.
3. Good in low-to moderate pressure
range.

Disadvantages/Limitations
1. Need ambient temp.
compensation
2. Not suitable for high pressure
3. Limited by material of
construction
2.4 Diaphragm Elements
These are used in vacuum and pressure
services, in motion and force balancing
units.

The normal application range is from
vacuum upto 15 Kg/cm special diaphragm
units are available for pressure upto 700
Kg/cm. Accuracy range from to 1 %
of full span.

Advantages
1. Moderate cost
2. Small in size
3. High over range characteristics
4. Linearity is good
5. Adaptable to slurry services
6. Available in several materials for
good corrosion resistance

Disadvantages/Limitations
1. Does not have good vibration and
shock resistance
2. Difficult to repair
2.5 Strain gauges
These gauges find limited use in process industry.
Accuracy ranges from 1% of span.

Advantages

1. Small and easy to install
2. Good accuracy
3. Available for wide range of
measurement from
vacuum to 14000 kg/cm
4. High output signal strength
5. High over range capacity
6. No moving parts
7. Good shock vibration
characteristics
8. Fast speed of response.
Disadvantages/Limitations

1. Moderate to high cost
2. Electrical read out necessary
3. Require constant voltage supply
4. Temp. compensation usually
necessary
2.6 Chemical Seals
These are used to isolate process materials from
measuring elements due to
1. To prevent clogging of the measuring elements.
2. To prevent the corrosive materials from reaching
the measuring element because of cost and other
factors.
3. To prevent process fluid from freezing/vaporizing.

Disadvantages
1. Additional cost
2. Possible reduction in accuracy, ambient
temperature variation effects on filling fluid may
cause some error.
3.0 LEVEL MEASUREMENT
The selection of proper level measurement method is
probably more difficult for any of the four major
process variables except flow. As in flow
measurement the conditions of measured media
have many adverse effects on measuring devices.

Level Range(Selection criterias)
1. Fluid Characteristics (a) Temp. (b) Pressure (c)
Sp. Gr. (d) whether fluid is clean or dirty,
contains vapors or solid etc.
2. Corrosive Effects
3. Whether fluid has a tendency to coat
vessel walls or the measuring devices.
4. Whether fluid is turbulent around the
measurement area.
3.1 Displacer element type
The Displacement or buoyancy method was for
many years the most widely used technique
for measuring liquid levels.

It is still popular for clean fluids, but many
processes that slurries, have tendencies to
coat have wide ranges etc. require other,
more acceptable methods.
Advantages
1. High accuracy.
2. Reliable in clean liquid
3. Proven method
4. Can be mounted internally or externally
5. Externally mounted units can be valved off
for maintenance

Disadvantages
1. Has limited range unit exceeding 48
in length are bulky difficult to handle.
2. Costs increase appreciably for
externally mounted units as pressure
rating increases.
3. External units may require heating to
avoid freezing.
4. External unit may be in error because
of temp. differences between the
vessel fluid and level
chamber fluid.
3.2 Differential Pressure Type
The use of diff. pressure measurement for level
determination has increased significantly in the past
few years. Several different types of differential
devices make it possible to measure wide level ranges
for clean or corrosive services for slurries and for
highly viscous materials. Almost any type of D.P. devices
can be used for level measurement if it is available in
low ranges normally required for level, usually from
about 10 water to approximately 150 of water, they
are broadly classified into two groups. Sealed & non-
sealed system.

a. Non-sealed system Differential units such as the d/p
cell used for flow measurement are used for measuring
levels. They may be used directly in contact with fluid
or may be purged with suitable gas or liquid sources.
Advantages
1. Good accuracy
2. Adaptable to wide level range
3. Adaptable in many construction
materials/or can be purged for
corrosive liquid.
4. Can be purged for use in slurry
service
5. Moderate cost
6. Can be isolated
Disadvantages
1. Errors caused by density variation
2. Low pr-headline often undesirable
in other than atmospheric
application
3. Heating of lead lines sometimes
necessary
4. Operating & maintenance problems
often presented by purged lines.
b. Sealed system To meet application requirements for some
slurries & highly viscous materials, sealed system.
Advantages
1. Purge not required
2. Good for slurries and corrosive materials
3. Sensing units essentially flush with operating
fluid eliminating cavities where plugging &
freezing are likely to occur.
4. Wide measurement range
5. Wetted diaphragms can be furnished in a wide
variety of materials
6. Fair accuracy
7. Can be used for open or closed vessels
8. Good for relatively high temperature

Disadvantages

1. Unit cannot be removed for checking and/or
maintenance without shutting down the equipment.

2. Density variations cause errors.

3. The mounting location affects calibration since the
head of capillary filled legs must be considered.

4. Ambient temp. changes cause errors in capillary
filled system type.
3.3 Capacitive Type
Capacitance level measurement need to be separated
into two categories for evaluation. Continuous &
point. Continuous measurements are not made
frequently with capacitance probes but work well in
some applications. However, they are used often
for point measurements and are superior for many
applications.

a. Continuous Measurement: For the infrequent use in
continuous level applications the capacitance
methods have several advantages & disadvantages
Advantages
1. Can be used for some application where other type
ore not feasible.
2. Moderate cost
3. Fair accuracy
4. Can be used for high temp & high pressure
applications
5. Can be used in polymer & slurry services

Disadvantages
1. Special calibration required in many instances
2. Affected by density variations of measured
materials
3. Limited application data
b. Point Measurement: For the infrequent use in
continuous level applications the capacitance methods
have several advantages & disadvantages

Advantages
1. Reasonable cost
2. Easy to install
3. Useful on applications such as powders, pellets &
other solid containing materials, as well as slurries &
corrosive materials where many other level devices
will not work
4. Simple in design
5. No moving parts

Disadvantages
1. Accuracy affected by material characteristics
2. Coating of probes troublesome on same design
3. Lack of data on diebatric constraints of same
material
3.4 Radiation Type
The radiation type is used both for continuous & point
level measurement generally, it is expensive method
to use and is considered seriously only when it is
obvious than other, less expensive, methods are not
very likely to be satisfactory.

a) Continuous system: Continuous system for
radiation level gauging is expensive. Not only is the
hand were costly, but calibration & testing can also
be time consuming. Thus adding operating cost.
Since they are so often used as a last resort
method and are successful in most instances, their
overall cost may still be considered economical.
Advantages
1. Sometimes works when no other method is available
2. External mounting often possible
3. Easy zero check

Disadvantages
1. Costly to install
2. Requires licensing by regulatory agency
3. Dangerous to handle unless precautions are followed
4. Original calibration & checkout often difficult & costly
5. Errors caused by density variations in measured
materials
6. Lack of application data
7. Difficult to obtain in linear readout over wide range
8. Problems presented by materials that coat walls
b) Point measurement: Point measurement is not nearly as
difficult to make as continuous measurement. Calibration is
also relatively easy.

Advantages
1. Sometimes works when no other method is available
2. External mounting often possible
3. Easy zero check

Disadvantages
1. Costly to install
2. Requires licensing by regulatory agency
3. Dangerous to handle unless precautions are followed
4. Original calibration & checkout often difficult & costly
5. Errors caused by density variations in measured materials
6. Lack of application data
7. Difficult to obtain in linear readout over wide range
8. Problems presented by materials that coat walls
3.5 Rotating Paddle Type
Paddle switches are used primarily on level application
for solid materials such as powders & pellets. They
are relatively inexpensive & easy to install. They
need to be placed in a position where they are
protected from inflowing streams. When this is not
feasible a protecting baffle should be placed above
the unit some switch model has been subject to
failures because five powders enter shaft seals
causing false alarms. This can be prevented by
proper sealing of shafts.
4.0 Temperature Measurement
Temp. is probably most widely measured and frequently controlled of the
process variables. There are many industries in which the measurement
and control play a critically important part. For example, in the
manufacture of steel the temperature to which liquid steel is heated in
the furnace affects the final product in several ways. The rate of
chemical reactions rapid with increasing temp., in some cases by a factor
of 2 or 3 for every 10C rise in temperature.

In selection of temperature devices is not as difficult as selecting flow or
level device. Unlike flow and level measurements where some devices
simply will not work, most of the temperature measuring devices in
common use would work in majority of applications the choice rests on
cost, accuracy, response, maintainability and preference. Some of the
common used temperature devices are: -

Filled System
Thermocouples
Resistance Bulb
Bimetal thermometer
Pyrometer
4.1 Filled System
Filled systems were among the early method used for
process temperature measurement. The method was
and still is a satisfactory way of measuring
temperature for local indication. These systems can
be divided into the following.

CLASS Filling Medium Range Scale Response
I Liquid -125 to 600F Uniform 5-10 Sec
II Vapour -430 to 600F Not Uniform 5-10 Sec
III Gas -400 to 1500F Uniform 1-5 Sec
IV Mercury -40 to 1000F Uniform 4-5 Sec
Advantages
1. Simple, time-proven measurement method
2. Relatively low cost
3. No outside source of power required
4. Narrow spans available
5. Raggedly constructed
6. Presents no electrical hazards

Disadvantages
1. Limited to measurement below 1500F.
2. Relatively slow response (fast enough for most
application)
3. Bulb failure required replacement of the entire system
4. Transmission distances limited.
4.2 Thermocouple
Thermocouple temperature measurement
comprises a high percentage of those
made in process industries. For remote
process temp checkpoints they are used
as exclusively bimetal thermometers are
of local readout.

.

Sr. No.

Type

Temp. Range F
Limits of Error
Standard Special
1 K Chromel/Alumel 32 to +530
+530 to +2300
4 F
%
2 F
3/8 %
2 S Pt/Pt-10% Rh 32 to 1000 5 F -
3 R Pt /Pt-13% Rh +1000 to +2700 % -
4 J Iron/Constants 32 to +530
+530 to 1400
4 F
%
2 F
3/8%
Advantages
1. Small unit that can be mounted conveniently
1. Wide variety of designs for standard & special application
2. Electrical output adaptable to a variety of readout &/or control
devices
3. Response speed high compared to filled system
4. Wide measurement range from near absolute zero to 5000 F
5. Low cost
6. Good accuracy
7. Calibration checks made easily
8. Transmission distances can be long
9. Good repeatability

Disadvantages
1. Temperature voltage relationship not fully linear
2. Accuracy less than that of resistance bulb
3. Stray voltage pickups must be considered
4. Temperature spans not as narrow as filled system or resistance
bulbs.
5. Hot junctions Age in same services
6. Requires expensive accessories for control application
4.3 Resistance Bulbs
Resistance bulbs in the past have been used frequently
and only for applications requiring high accuracy
and/or narrow spans.

Advantages
1. High accuracy
2. Narrow span
3. Reproducibility is good
4. Remain stable & accurate for many years

Disadvantages
1. Relatively expensive compared to thermocouples
2. Bulb sizes larger than thermocouples
3. Mechanical abuse or vibration can be problem

4.4 Radiation Pyrometer
Radiation pyrometers are used primarily for high & very high
temperature above ranges normally covered by
thermocouples. They find limited use in chemical
processing industries.

Advantages
1. Ability to measure high temperature
2. Does not require contact with target of measurement
3. Fast response speed
4. High output
5. Moderate cost

Disadvantages
1. Nonlinear scale
2. Subject to errors due to presence of intervening gases
of vapors that absorb radiating frequencies
3. Measurement affected by emissivity or target material
4.4 Bimetal Thermometer
Bimetal thermometers are used extensively for local
indication of process temperature. They cost more
that glass stem thermometers, but the additional
cost is justified because glass thermometers are so
easily broken.

Measurements can be made from about 100 to 1000
F, minimum span is about 30 F. The scale is linear
over most of the range. Accuracies range from
to 2% or higher.
Advantages
1. Low cost
2. Not easily broken
3. Easy to install & maintain
4. Good accuracy relative to cost
5. Fairly wide temperature range

Disadvantages
1. Limited to local mounting
2. Indicating only
3. Calibration may change if handled roughly
4. Not as accurate as glass stem thermometer.
IV. INTER DESCIPLINE CO-ORDINATION

V. INSTRUMENT DESIGN ACTIVITIES

Receive P & ID from Process
Department

Prepare Instrument List

Verification of Control Valve Size

Selection of Instrument Ranges

Prepare specification sheet of Instrument

Prepare Control Panel Drawings

Prepare Control Room Equipment List

Prepare Mounting & Hook-up drawing.
Prepare Loop drawing for field instrument

Prepare Control Loop schematics

Programmable logic controller (PLC) Preliminary
I/O Estimation

Prepare Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
Input/Output List

Prepare Alarm List

Prepare Junction Box Schedule

Prepare Cable Schedule

Prepare Cable specification and calculate total
quantity.

Release indent for Enquiry.

Carry out technical evaluation of offers

Discussion with the bidders

Review vendor drawing for instrument

Prepare Material take offs

Technical evaluation of vendor for approved vendor
list
VI. INSTRUMENT STANDARD SYMBOLS AND PRESENTATION

6.1 Instruments Line Symbols (Ref. ISA S 5.1)
6.2 General Instruments and Function Symbol (Ref. ISA S 5.1)
6.3 Control valve body symbols, damper symbols (Ref. ISA S 5.1)
6.4 Actuator symbols (Ref. ISA S 5.1)
6.5 Symbols for self-actuated regulators, valves, and other devices (Ref. ISA S 5.1)
6.6 Symbols for actuator action in event of actuator power failure (shown typically
for diaphragm-actuated control valve). (Ref. ISA S 5.1)
6.7 Primary element symbols (Ref. ISA S 5.1)
6.7 Primary element symbols (contd.) (Ref. ISA S 5.1)
6.7 Primary element symbols (contd.) (Ref. ISA S 5.1)
6.7 Primary element symbols (contd.) (Ref. ISA S 5.1)
6.7 Primary element symbols (contd.) (Ref. ISA S 5.1)
6.7 Primary element symbols (contd.) (Ref. ISA S 5.1)
6.7 Primary element symbols (contd.) (Ref. ISA S 5.1)
6.7 Primary element symbols (contd.) (Ref. ISA S 5.1)
6.7 Primary element symbols (contd.) (Ref. ISA S 5.1)
6.7 Primary element symbols (contd.) (Ref. ISA S 5.1)
6.8 IDENTIFICATION LETTERS (Ref. ISA S 5.1)
VII. TYPICAL INSTRUMENT INSTALLATION

Pressure Gauge
(Liquid/Gas Service)
Pressure Gauge
(Steam Service)
Pressure Gauge
(Diaphragm Seal Type)
Pressure Switch
PT (Gas / Vapour)
PT Remote Seal
(Liquid Appl.)
DPT for Level Appl.
DPT Remote Seal for Level Appl.
DP FT (Liquid Service)
DP FT (Gas Service)
Magnetic FT (Horizontal Mounting) FT (Vortex Type)
Level Gauge
Level Transmitter/Switch
(Displacer Type)
LT (Ultrasonic Type) LT (Radar Type)
Temp. Element (Line Mounted) Temp. Gauge
(Pipe/Tank Mounted)
Control Valve ON-OFF Valve
VIII. TYPICAL CONTROL ROOM LAYOUT
Typical Control Room Layout

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