Critical thinking

(Berpikir secara kritis)

Adi Hidayat
Mengapa berpikir secara kritis
sangat penting?
Setiap orang berpikir : alamiah.
Kualitas hidup, produksi dan perbuatan kita
tergantung kualitas berpikir.
Pikiran salah : mahal baik aspek uang &
kualitas hidup.
Apakah Anda mendapat
nilai lebih baik?
Ya, studi 110 mhs terbukti berpikir kritis
berkorelasi bermakna dengan IPK
IPK dapat diperbaiki
Berpikir kritis dapat dipelajari
Berkorelasi bermakna kemampuan
membaca


You are what you think.
Whatever you do, feel--- all determined
by the quality of your thinking
Problem not aware of your thinking you
have no chance of correcting it.
Its time to discover the power of thinking
in your life.
You are capable of achieving more
significant goals
You can live more happy & secure. The
choice is yours.
3 definisi CT : refleksi, better & proses
Reflective thinking focused on deciding
what to believe or do
Better Thinking: memperbaiki
kemampuan interpertasi, evaluasi,
memilih informasi
Menekankan proses bukan produk
keputusan

What is Critical Thinking (CT)?
(1)

Manfaat berpikir kritis
Mampu mengajukan pertanyaan dan
masalah dengan jelas.
Mampu mengumpulkan dan mengakses
informasi, interpretasi efektif
Mampu menyimpulkan dan memecahkan
masalah
Open-minded
Mampu komunikasi idea dan keputusan
Prinsip berpikir kritis
Pengetahuan adalah prestasi
Mahasiswa aktif berperan serta dalam
proses belajar
Berbagai perspektif penting untuk
memecahkan masalah
Mahasiswa belajar menilai kualitas
berpikir sendiri

Novice (pemula)
Vs. Expert (ahli)
Thinker
Expert thinkers
Secara cepat identifikasi informasi
relevan
Memformulasikan keputusan dari
informasi yang sketchy (informasi
tidak lengkap)
Novice thinkers
Semua informasi sama pentingtnya
CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS
(2)
ANALYSIS
INTERPRETATION
SELF-REGULATION
INFERENCE
EXPLANATION
EVALUATION
Critical Thinking skills
Interpretation riwayat penyakit
penderita. Critical thinkers consider their
interpretation with new evidence.
Analysis analisis data : hasil
pemeriksaan fisik dan lab, serta
hubungannya satu sama lain.
Evaluation menilai argumen, hubungan
antar gejala, pernyataan. Apakah
kontradiksi satu sama lain.
Critical thinking skills
Inference diagnosis banding,
kesimpulan.Inference can be accurate or
inaccurate
Explanation menjelaskan berbagai
prosedur dan alasan
Self-regulation self examination, self
correction, self critique. How am I doing?
The most remarkable skill of all.
Steps in critical thinking
How American and Asian
Students Spend Their Time
Characteristics good critical thinker
Mengajukan pertanyaan dengan jelas
Rajin mengumpulkan informasi relevant
Persistence through difficulties
Honest & resist manipulation
Base judgments on evidence
Intellectually independent
Poor critical thinker
Tidak terorganisasi
Tidak teratur mengumpulkan fakta
Mengajukan kriteria yang tidak berdasar
Seringkali bingung
Mudah menyerah menghadapi kesulitan
Critical thinking must be
contrasted with non-critical thinking:

Habitual thinking
Brainstorming
Creative thinking
Prejudicial thinking
Emotive thinking
Your Brain
Left Right
one thing at a time
linear processing
sequential operation
writing & symbols
analysis
logic & reason
mathematical
verbal memory
integrating inputs
holistic perception
dreams
holistic solutions
synthesis
pattern recognition
intuition, insight
visualizing
Logic: Truth and Validity
"Tylenol is recommended by doctors
more than any brand of aspirin."
"Four out of five doctors surveyed
recommended Aspirin formula."
1. Apakah pernyataan tsb benar ?
2. Argument relevant ?

Critical thinking
(3)
Creative thinking
- linear and serial - holistic and parallel
- more structured - more emotional
- more rational - more intuitive
- more analytical - more creative
- more goal-oriented - more visual
Someone with strong critical thinking
I hate people just state their opinion but
never give any reasons.
I hold off making decisions until Ive
thought through my options.
Even if a problem is tougher (sukar) than
I expected , Ill keep working on it.
Making intelligent decisions is more
important than winning arguments
Someone with weak critical thinking
I prefer jobs where the supervisor says
exactly what to do and how to do it.
No matter how complex the problem, you
can be there with a simple solution.
I hate when teachers discuss problems
instead of just giving the answer.
Selling ideas is like selling cars, you say
whatever works.
Strategies for critical thinking
in learning
(4)

CT mempelajari suatu subyek atau masalah
dengan pikiran yang lebih terbuka :
- Mulai pernyataan apa yang ingin dipelajari
dan pertimbangkan berbagai kemungkinan
dan buat kesimpulan berdasarkan bukti-
bukti.
- Bandingkan berbagi informasi mengambil
keputusan (judgement)

Mulai dengan pikiran terbuka
(open-mind) :

Jelaskan tujuan dan apa ingin dipelajari
Pikirkan yang sudah ketahui ttg subjek tsb.
Sumber apa yang tersedia dan jadwal anda?
Kumpulkan informasi
Ajukan pertanyaan
Aturlah apa yang sudah dikumpulkan
kedalam pola untuk memudahkan pengertian
Ajukan pertanyaan lagi!
Demonstrasikan apa yang sudah Anda
pelajari tentang topik tsb

From simple to more complex (1-6)
1. List, label, identify
2. Define, explain, summarize
3. Solve, apply a new situation
4. Compare ad contrast, differentiate
between items
5. Create, combine, invent
6. Assess, recommend, value
Summary and Conclusions

Creative thinking and problem solving
must also be taught.
You must PRACTICE good thinking
skillsthey dont happen by accident
If you dont do it, it wont get done
If not now, when? If not here where?
If not you, who?

Manfaat yang diperoleh para mahasiswa dari cara
berpikir kritis adalah : D
A. Mahasiswa mampu melakukan sintesis.
B. Mahasiswa mampu melakukan visualisasi.
C. Mahasiswa mampu mengajukan idea yang
kreatif.
D. Mahasiswa mampu melakukan interpretasi
berbagai informasi.
E. Mahasiswa mampu menyampaikan solusi yang
bersifat holistik (menyeluruh).
References
1. Ennis R. Critical thinking : what is it?
Proceedings of the Forty-Eighth Annual
Meeting of the Philosophy of Education
Society Denver, Colorado, March 27-30
1992.
2. Facione PA. Critical Thinking: What it is
and why it counts. Available at :
http://www.insightassessment.com/t.html
Accessed September 1, 2006.


References
3. Huitt W (1992). Problem solving and
decision making: consideration of
individual differences using the Myers-
Briggs Type Indicator. J Physiol Type
1992;24 : 33-44.
4.Landsberger J. Critical thinking. In : The
study Guides and Strategies. Available at
http://www.studygs.net/crtthk.htm
Accessed August 6, 2006.