PUMP

TM - FTTM
Pump (pendahuluan)
Pumps have a prime of uses in the oilfield.

Large pumps provide the pressure driving
force needed to move oil through piping
from point to point during its gathering,
processing, and pipeline transport.



Pump
Crude oil is stabilized by stage separation
to or near atmospheric pressure for
transportation and storage, before
pumping.

Main-line oil (MLO) pumps are required
for pipeline transport or transfer pumps for
delivery into other carrier or storage.


Background
Large pumps are also needed for injection
water and produced brine transport and
disposal.
Background
In the life of the field. Produced water must
also be transported in the production
facilities and possibly re-injected.
Basically, Pumps convert the rotary motion
of a prime mover into the linear motion of
the liquid in the piping.
As a secondary function, pumps
occasionally serve to mix fluids.

Background
There are two basic classes of pumps: positive
displacement and centrifugal.

Positive displacement pumps trap a portion of the liquid
in a fixed volume and deliver it mechanically to a higher
pressure. The entrapment may be done by a reciprocating
piston or plunger in a cylinder, or by a rotating sliding
vane, or gear, or screw.

Head

o Significance of using Head instead of
Pressure
o Pressure to Head Conversion formula
o Static Suction Head, hS
o Static Discharge Head, hd
o Friction Head, hf
Double Action Stroke in a
Duplex Pump
Suction Suction
Discharge Discharge
LIQUID
LIQUID
Single-action Stroke in a
Triplex Pump
Suction
Discharge
Liquid
L
S

Background

Centrifugal pumps propel liquid in a
smooth, uninterrupted stream.
Centrifugal pumps accelerate the liquid by
impellers and convert the induced kinetic
energy of the liquid into pressure energy by
an increase in cross-section.
Liquid flow path inside a
centrifugal pump
Units
In English engineering units, th. capacity
of a pump is expressed in gpm (U. S.
gallons per minute) at flow conditions.
Work per unit mass is expressed in ft-
lbf/lbm or ft or 'head.
In SI unit, flows are expressed in cubic
meters per second (m
3
/s), work per unit
mass in kJ/kg, and work per unit time in
W.
Centrifugal Pumps
The most common type of pump used in field handling of
crude oil.

Centrifugal pumps operate reliably, require low
maintenance, and are well-suited for automatic control.

They produce smooth output flow and operate safely
against partially closed control Valves safely against a
closed valve for short time periods.

Centrifugal pumps operate flexibly over a wide range of
flow rates (from a few gpm to 100,000 bpd) at heads
ranging from a few psi to 3,000 psi.

Sectional View of a Centrifugal Pump (Jackson, 1973)
General Components of Centrifugal Pump
General Components of Centrifugal Pump

Cut-away of a Pump Showing Volute Casing
Solid Casing
Suction and Discharge Nozzle Location
Horizontal
Centrifugal Pump
Cross Section
Typical Centrifugal-Pump Curves
Centrifugal Pump Performance Curve
Typical performance curve for centrifugal pumps
Characteristic Curves for 11 in Impeller
Operating Point for Centrifugal Pump in a Piping System
Horizontal Multistage Centrifugal Pump, GPSA 1987
Parallel Pumps

Centrifugal pumps may be operated in parallel at the
same head to provide greater capacity than a single
pump.

Parallel flows are additive at the same head. Extreme
care must be exercised that parallel pumps have
identical, or nearly identical, performance curves.

Pumps connected in parallel / in series
Parallel Operation Matched
Centrifugal Pumps
Parallel Operation mismatched
Centrifugal Pumps
No Diameter Change
Only
Speed Change Only Diameter & Speed Change

1

2

3
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1
2
1 2
D
D
Q Q
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1
2
1 2
N
N
Q Q
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1
2
1
2
1 2
N
N
x
D
D
Q Q
2
1
2
1 2
D
D
H H
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
1
2
1 2
N
N
H H
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
1
2
1
2
1 2
N
N
x
D
D
H H
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
3
1
2
1 2
D
D
bhp bhp
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
3
1
2
1 2
N
N
bhp bhp
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
3
1
2
1
2
1 2
N
N
x
D
D
bhp bhp
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
IInitial Capacity, Head, break horse
power, Diameter, Speed
New Capacity, Head, break horse
power, Diameter, Speed
1 1 1 1 1
N , D , bhp , H , Q
2 2 2 2 2
N , D , bhp , H , Q
Series / parallel Combinations Centrifugal Pumps
2 Pumps in Series
One Pump
2 Pumps in Parallel
H
e
a
d

-

F
e
e
t

Series and parallel operation of Centrifugal Pumps
Net Positive Suction Head Required
(NPSHR)

An important consideration in pump selection is
the so called net positive suction head required
(NPSHR), which is the head that must be supplied
at the pump inlet in order to avoid or minimize
cavitation.
TANK
A
t
m
.

P
r
e
s
s

Vapor
Pressure
Liquid (Water)
Centrifugal Pump
Static Head
NPSH
Required
NPSH at Tank
Tank Farm Line Sizing
NPSH Available NPSH Required by the Pump
Net Positive Suction Head Required
(NPSHR)


If the pressure in the eye of the impeller falls below the
vapor pressure of the fluid, some vaporization occurs. At a
subsequent point in the pump, the pressure rises and
these bubbles collapse, creating sound pressure waves
(cavitation) that erode the pump impeller. Mechanical
damage may also be possible.

Flow Rate
N
P
S
H
R

P
a

P
Z

Water
Level
PUMP
Outlet
L
Typical PD pumping system
Diameter
Centrifugal Pump performance data for speed
TANK
A
t
m
.

P
r
e
s
s

Vapor
Pressure
Liquid (Water)
Centrifugal Pump
Static Head
NPSH
Required
NPSH at Tank
Tank Farm Line Sizing
NPSH Available NPSH Required by the Pump
TANK
A
t
m
.

P
r
e
s
s

Vapor
Pressure
Liquid (Water)
Centrifugal Pump
Static Head
NPSH
Required
NPSH at Tank
Tank Farm Line Sizing
s.g
2.31 x P
- (ft) Press Static
s.g
2.31 x P
-
s.g
2.31 x P

FRIC V atm
A

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
NPSH
Available
Pump by the required NPSH >
TANK
A
t
m
.

P
r
e
s
s

Vapor
Pressure
Liquid (Water)
Centrifugal Pump
Static Head
NPSH
Required
NPSH at Tank
Tank Farm Line Sizing
Vapor Press NPSH Available Meningkat

Pipa semakin panjang NPSH Available Menurun

Viscosity Liquid NPSH Available Menurun

Static Head NPSH Available Meningkat
No of Pump Operating Flow Rate
3 100 %
2 75 %
1 50 %
Flow Rate NPSH
100 % 15 feet
75 % 20 feet
50 % 27 feet
Pump combination produce the
following rates :
NPSH available :
TANK
0.5 PSIA
Water at 80 F

NPSH
Available
Absolute
Press,(ft)
Vapor
Press. (ft)
Line
Loss, (ft)
Difference in
elevation, ft
=
_ _

Line Loss
= 3 ft
10 ft - 0
Atmosphere
14.7 psia
NPSH CALCULATION FOR
SUCTION LIFT
Gravity Specific
2.31 x psia) Pressure, (
(Feet) Pressure =
Feet 19.7
10 - 3 - 12 - 33.9
10 - 3 -
1.0
(2.31) (0.5)
-
1.0
(2.31) (14.7)

=
=
=
NPSH
Available
NPSH available must be greater than NPSH
Required by the PUMP
GAS
PRESSURE
52.2 PSIA
N-BUTHANE
AT 100
O
F
Gauge Reading, 37.5 psi
8

f
e
e
t

-

0

Line Loss = 2.5 Ft
NPSH CALCULATION FOR LIQUID AT BOILING POINT
Specific gravity of N-Butane at 100 F = 0.56
Absolute Pressure = Gauge Pressure + Atmosphere Pressure
= Gauge Pressure + 14.7
NPSH = Absolute - Vapor - Line Difference in
Available Press, Ft Press, ft Loss, ft Elevation, Ft.
Feet 5.5
8 - 2.5 - 215.3 - 215.3
8 2.5 -
0.56
(2.31) (52.2)
-
(0.56)
2.31 14.7) - (37.5

=
=
+ =
NPSH
Available
NPSH available must be greater than NPSH
Required by the PUMP
Air
PRESSURE
0.5 PSIA
N-BUTHANE
AT 100
O
F
Gauge Reading, 10 psi
5

f
e
e
t

-

0

Line Loss = 45 Ft
NPSH CALCULATION FOR LIQUID AT BOILING POINT
Specific gravity of Water = 1.0
Absolute Pressure = Gauge Pressure + Atmosphere Pressure
= Gauge Pressure + 14.7
NPSH = Absolute - Vapor - Line Difference in
Available Press, Ft Press, ft Loss, ft Elevation, Ft.
Feet 59.828
5 45 - 2.06 - 101.8875
5 45 -
0.56
(2.31) (0.5)
-
(0.56)
2.31 14.7) (10

=
+ =
+
+
=
NPSH
Available
NPSH available must be greater than NPSH
Required by the PUMP
g
g
W -
g
g
F
g 2
) V - (V
) Z - (Z
) P - (P
c
s
c
2
1
2
2
1 2
1 2
= + + +

h
pr
+ h
st
+ h
v
+ h
f
= h
p

Pressure
Head
Static
Head
Velocity
Head
Friction
Head
Pump
Head
g
g
W -
g
g
F
g 2
) V - (V
) Z - (Z
) P - (P
c
s
c
2
1
2
2
1 2
1 2
= + + +

h
pr
+ h
st
+ h
v
+ h
fric
= h
p

Pressure
Head
Static
Head
Velocity
Head
Friction
Head
Pump
Head
Friction Loss : h
fric

g 2
V
K
D
L f

g
g
F h
2
i
c
fric
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =

f = Friction factor
L = Length of straight pipe
D = ID of pipe
K = summation of resistance coefficients for all valve and fittings
V = velocity
g
g
W -
g
g
F
g 2
) V - (V
) Z - (Z
) P - (P
c
s
c
2
1
2
2
1 2
1 2
= + + +

h
pr
+ h
st
+ h
v
+ h
fric
= h
p

Pressure
Head
Static
Head
Velocity
Head
Friction
Head
Pump
Head
c
2
s
2
d
fs fd s d
f
1 2
g 2
) V - (V
) h (h ) h - (h
SG
2.31 x ) P - (P
H + + + + =
H = Total Differential Head
E x 3960
gravity specific x H x Q
bhp =
Q = Capacity, gpm
H = Total Head, ft
Bhp = break horse power
Where HL = head loss due to friction, ft
L = length, ft
C = 140 for new steel pipe
= 130 for new cast iron pipe
= 100 for riveted pipe
d = pipe ID, in.
gpm = liquid flow rate, gallons/minute
Q1 = liquid flow rate, bpd
85 . 1 87 . 4
85 . 1
1
L
H
C d
L Q
=
L
d
gpm
C
85 . 1
87 . 4
85 . 1
L
100
0.00208 H
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Hazen-Williams formula
P
2
= 50 psig
P
1
= 0 psig
Liquid Level,
Hs1
Liquid Level,
Hs2
h = 35 ft
hd = 45 ft
hs = 10 ft
hs = - 10 ft
NPSHa = P1 + hs hvp - hfs
H = (P2 P1) x 2.31 / Sp.g + (hd- hs) + Hf + (V
d

2
V
s

2
) / 2g
c

The tank is open to atmosphere, 0 psig = 34 ft water = P1, pumping water at
70F, hvp = 0.36 psi = 8 ft; from hs1 = ft.

NPSHa = 34 + 10 0.8 1 = 42.2 ft
Water
Water
Advantages of Centifugal Pump
A centrifugal pump can be multistages
Discharge pressure may be increased by
increasing pump speed.
Increasing pump speed may increase
pump rate, if the pressure is held constant.
If the rate is held constant, a speed
increase will cause the pressure to
increase.
Pump Application Sketch
E x 3960
SG x H(ft) x Q(gpm)
bhp =
E x 3960
SG x H(ft) x Q(gpm)
bhp =
P
2
= 50 psig
P
1
= 0 psig
Liquid Level,
Hs1
Liquid Level,
Hs2
h = 35 ft
hd = 45 ft
hs = 10 ft
hs = - 10 ft
NPSHa = P1 + hs hvp - hfs
H = (P2 P1) x 2.31 / Sp.g + (hd- hs) + Hf + (V
d

2
V
s

2
) / 2g
c

The tank is open to atmosphere, 0 psig = 34 ft water = P1, pumping water at
70F, hvp = 0.36 psi = 8 ft; from hs1 = 10 ft, Hf
s
= 6 ft

NPSHa = 34 8 + 10 6 = 30 ft
Water
Water
P
2
= 50 psig
P
1
= 0 psig
Liquid Level,
Hs1
Liquid Level,
Hs2
h = 35 ft
hd = 45 ft
hs = 10 ft
hs = - 10 ft
NPSHa = P1 + hs hvp - hfs
H(ft) = (P2 P1) x 2.31 / Sp.g + (hd- hs) + HF + (V
d

2
V
s

2
) / 2g
c

Water
Water
E x 3960
SG x H(ft) x Q(gpm)
bhp =
85 . 1 87 . 4
85 . 1
1
F
C d
L Q
H =