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a. Dravidians
b. Incas
c. Olmecs
d. 1869
The Machu Picchu in Peru is a
legacy of which merican
civili!a"ion#
a. ya"ollah $homeini
b. Mus"afa $emal
c. %ulfi&ar li 'hu""o
d. (amal bdel )asser
"a"ur& *li"erally +,a"her of "he Tur&s-.
moderni!ed Tur&ey and forced "hrough an
ambi"ious /rogram of radical reforms be"ween
1901 and 1918. "a"ur&s real name is2
a. 3cien"ific &nowledge arises ou" of in4uiry and
inves"iga"ion.
b. 3cien"ific &nowledge mus" fi" "he "eachings of
"he 5hurch.
c. 3cien"ific &nowledge is based on "he learning
of "he ancien" (ree&s.
d. I" is im/ossible "o gain scien"ific &nowledge
"hrough human reason.
6hich s"a"emen" bes" summari!es "he view of
&nowledge held by "hin&ers during "he 3cien"ific
7evolu"ion#
a. 8awaharlal )ehru
b. 9enry 3"anley
c. 5hinua chebe
d. 5ecil 7hodes
)igerian wri"er and au"hor of "he famous
novel Things Fall Apart *19:9.; who
described "he effec"s of im/erialism on
"radi"ional Ibo socie"y in frica.
M
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History teaching is defined as the
transmission of historical
knowledge to people who do not
yet have such knowledge
It occurs in various places and
opportunities in the classrooms,
museums, and historic sites; and in
different forms (print, media,
websites, and documentaries!
("H", #$%%!
History teaching
Context
the circumstances
that form the setting for
an event, statement, or
idea, and in terms of
which it can be fully
understood and
assessed.
konteksto
Kasaysayan ng daigdig
Historical context - the
political, social, cultural,
and economic environment
related to historical
moments, events, and
trends. Historical artifacts
and sources were created
within particular worlds
and are tied to the political,
social, and economic
conditions of those worlds.
Kontekstong pangkasaysayan
consists of particular events in
space and time which are no
longer happening, cannot be
apprehended by mathematical
thinking!
P!"
Kasaysayan ng daigdig
Chronology - is
the
arrangement
of facts and
events in the
order of time.
k!N!"!H#$%
Kasaysayan ng daigdig
Periodi#ation is the attempt to
categori#e universal history or
divide time into named blocks.
"he result is descriptive
abstraction that provide
convenient terms for periods
of time with relatively stable
characteristics. However,
determining the precise
beginning and ending to any
$period$ is often arbitrary.
&E$!'#(%($!N) &%*&%&%N%H!N
Kasaysayan ng daigdig
&E$!'#(%($!N) &%*&%&%N%H!N
Kasaysayan ng daigdig
&E$!'#(%($!N) &%*&%&%N%H!N
+% (ense of time,
the faculty by -hich the essence. particular
and passage of time is appreciated/
0ni t s of t i me
#& hours % day
' days one week
& weeks one month
%# monthsone year % year
%$ years one decade %$ years
%$ decades one century %$$ years
%$ centuries millennium %$$$ years
%&ive hundred twenty five thousand six hundred
minutes'
+% (ense of time,
$ear 1 &resent
2112
2111 1311 1411 1511 1356
7Not to
scale
(arly writers divided timelines into two parts!
)!*! ()efore *hrist and "!+! ("nno +omini
+% (ense of time,
8efore
9hrist
%nno
'omini
+% (ense of time,
Kasaysayan ng daigdig
8efore
9hrist
%nno
'omini
&resent
2112
Emergence of :irst
9i;ili<ations
(%sia. %frica)
=211 89E-26> 89E
*ulturally sensitive writers tried to change the system
of writing dates as not to focus mainly on a *hristian
timeline!
)!*! )!*!(! ()efore the *ommon (ra;
"!+! *!(! (*ommon (ra
+% (ense of time,
Kasaysayan ng daigdig
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(unit )* ng !imula ng Kasaysayan

Paksa*

,ga "eorya ukol sa Pinagmulan ng -aigdig

,ga "eorya ukol sa Pinagmulan ng "ao

,ga .nang Kabihasnan sa ,esopotamia at

&ertile Crescent
,ga "eorya ukol sa Pinagmulan ng -aigdig at tao
"he /reat -ebate* 0eligion vs. !cience
Origin of the Universe
stronomers estimate that the universe has been in existence
for 12 billion years, plus or minus a few billion.
"o make this awesome history more understandable, Carl !agan
devised a calendar that condenses this span into a single year.

!cale would be
34 days* 1 billion years5 1 second* 462 years
Date Event
January 1 Big Bang or
beginning of the universe
May 1 Milky Way
September 25 Origin of Life on earth
December 31,
10:30 p.m.
the first humanlike primates appear
(agan?s compression of history pro;ides us -ith a manageable
-ay to compare the short span of human e@istence -ith the
total time span of the uni;erse/ Humanlike beings have been
around for only about 78 minutes out of a 13-month period9
Mga Aeorya ukol sa &inagmulan ng Aao
Creationism
Ahe 8ook of *enesis
Mga Aeorya ukol sa &inagmulan ng Aao
Context of the theory of evolution
9arolus "innaeus (1515-1554) B father of
Aa@onomy/ 9lassified plants and animals in a systema
naturae, which places humans in the same order
(Primates) as apes and monkeys.
9harles 'ar-in (1413- 1442)
Ahe !rigin of (pecies by Means of Natural (election7(1463)
Ahe 'escent of Man (1451)
7natural selection B ;ariation. heritability and differential reproducti;e
success
!ome 22 million to :2
million years ago
Ahe first primates appeared/ Ahey -ere
ancestral to all li;ing primates. including
monkeys. apes. and humans/
;2 million years ago Ahe first monkeys and apes appeared/
12 million years ago Ahe immediate apelike ancestors of
humans probably emerged/
4 million years ago :irst humanlike beings appeared/
188,888 years ago Modern-looking humans e;ol;ed/
*natural selection variation,
!eritability an" "i##erential repro"uctive
success
0nderstanding earth
James $utton %1&2'( 1&)&* +eolo+ist propose"
t!e ,a- o# .ni#ormitarianism. /!is i"ea o!
$utton -as later e0plaine" by 1ritis! 2eolo+ist
3!arles ,yell %1&)&(14&5*, in !is volumes o#
5rinciples o# 2eolo+y %1430(33*.
Law of Uniformitarianism ( all +eolo+ical c!an+es,
bot! ancient an" mo"ern, !appen because o#
uni#orm processes rat!er t!an special
catastrop!es. /!is concept su++este" t!at t!e
eart! is constantly bein+ s!ape" an" res!ape"
by natural #orces t!at !ave operate" over a vast
perio" o# time.
Continental Drift Theory
(%lfred Cegener)
5an+aea super continent 225 mya
Cretaceous period (ca. 135 mya)
,aurasia %inclu"es Eurasia an" 6ort! 7merica*
2on"-analan" %7#rica, Sout! 7merica, 8n"ia, 7ustralia,
an" 7ntartica*
Paleocene period (ca. 65 mya)
2on-analan" bro9e apart
5rimates a member o# t!e mammalian or"er 5rimates,
"ivi"e" into t-o subor"ers o# prosimians %literally
:premon9eys,; inclu"es lemurs, lorises, tarsiers*
an" ant!ropoi"s %inclu"es mon9ey, apes, an"
!umans.*
7ustralopit!ecus t!e #irst "e#inite !omini"< +enus o# 5liocene
%+eolo+ical epoc! 5.2 million to 1. ' million years
a+o* an" 5leistocene %+eolo+ical epoc! starte" 1.'
million years a+o an" accor"in+ to some, continues
to t!e present. Durin+ t!is perio", +laciers !ave
o#ten covere" muc! o# t!e eart!=s sur#ace an"
!umans became t!e "ominant li#e #orm.*

$omo !abilis

early species belon+in+ to our +enus, $omo %+enus
to -!ic! mo"ern !umans an" t!eir ancestors
belon+*, -it! cranial capacities avera+in+ about
'30('>0 cc, about 50 ? o# t!e brain capacity o#
mo"ern !umans. Datin+ #rom about 2 million years
a+o.

$omo
erectus

t!e #irst !omini" species to be -i"ely "istribute"
in t!e @l" Aorl". /!e earliest #in"s are possibly
1.4 million years ol". /!e brain %avera+in+ 4)5(
10>0 cc* -as lar+er t!an t!at #oun" in any o# t!e
australopit!ecines or $. !abilis but smaller t!an
t!e avera+e brain o# a mo"ern !uman.

$omo
sapiens

7ll livin+ people belon+ to one biolo+ical species,
$omo sapiens, -!ic! mean t!at all !uman
populations on eart! can success#ully interbree".
/!e #irst $omo sapiens may !ave emer+e" by
200,000 years a+o.

$omo
sapiens
sapiens

Mo"ern(loo9in+ !umans, un"ispute" e0amples o#
-!ic! appeare" about 50,000 years a+o< may
!ave appeare" earlier.

,ga .nang Kabihasnan sa ,esopotamia at
&ertile Crescent

,ga .nang Kabihasnan sa ,esopotamia at
&ertile Crescent
,esopotamia
!a pagitan ng ;288 hanggang ;888 <C=, napaunlad ng
mga !umerian ang kanilang pamayanan at naging
kauna-unahang dakilang sibilisasyon sa "igris-
=uprates. )lan sa mga mahahalagang lungsod nito
ang .r, .ruk, =ridu, >agash, ?ippur at Kish.

Pamahalaan. "eokarasya ang porma ng pamahalaan

ng Kabihasnang !umer. )to ay pinamumunuan ng
isang paring-hari. <ilang katiwala ng diyos, sila
ang nangangalaga sa pader ng siyudad,
nangongolekta ng ani, at namamahala sa sistema
ng irigasyon. ng pinuno ang nagpapasaya kung
papaano padadaanin o titipunin ang tubig baha.
?agsasagawa din siya ng pagsasaayos ng isang
sistemang ng pag-iimpok ng tubig na kanilang
ipinamamahagi sa mga magsasaka sa panahon ng
tagtuyot. !iya ang namumuno sa mga digmaan at
nagpapatupad ng batas.

Kabuhayan. ,alaking bahagi ng kabuhayan ng mga

taga-!umer ang pagtatanim. ?agpapatubo sila ng
wheat, barley, dates at millet. ?ag-aalaga din sila
ngmga baboy, kambing, cattle, at tupa para sa
balat, damit at pagkain. )to ang bumubuhay sa
buong lipunan. ?gunit marami din ibang mga
gawain@trabaho ang matatagpuan sa mga lungsod-
estado gaya ng artisan at mangangalakal. !a
katunayan, nakikipagkalakalan din sila. ,ay mga
archaelogist ang nakatagpo ng mga kalakal na
saklaw ng mga lungsod-estado ng !umer na buhat
pa sa =hipto at )ndia.

"eknolohiya. Kahanga-hanga ang ilan sa mga

konsepto at teknolohiya na kanilang isinagawa
para sa kanilang panahon. ?akaimbento sila ng
paraan ng pagsusulat ng kanilang wika. "inawag
itong cuneiform Amula sa >atin na cuneusB.
,ayroon din silang batayang konsepto sa algebra
at geometry. ng pamantayan ng kanilang ay sa
anim, at hinahati ang isang oras sa :8 na minuto
at ang bilog sa ;:8 degrees. ,ay teknolohiya din
sila sa pagsasama ng copper at tin upang bumuo
ng bronse, isang alloy na mas matigas kaysa sa
unang dalawa na maaaring gamitin bilang
sandata at kagamitan.

>ipunan. ng lipunan ng mga !umerian ay umiikot sa loob ng mga

lungsod-estado. ng bawat lungsod-estado ay may natatanging
hirarkiyang panlipunan. <inubuo ito ng tatlong uri C ang
aristokrasya, ang karaniwang mamamayan at ang mga alipin.
ng pinakamataas na uri ay binubuo ng mga mayayaman at
naghaharing pamilya, pangunahing opisyal at mga punong pari
at mula sa uring ito ay nagtatalaga ng mga tagapayo,
ambassador, heneral at iba pang matataas na tungkulin.
ng karaniwang mamamayan ang nasa gitnang uri. !ila ay binubuo
ng mga mababang mga pari at eskribano, mga artisan,
mangangalakal, may lupang magsasaka, karpentero, tagagawa ng
brick at iba pang gawaing ispeyalisado.
!a ibabang bahagi ng lipunan ang mga alipin.
ng bawat lungsod-estado ay mayroong 13,888 hanggang ;:,888
na populasyon.
Royal Standard ng Ur
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Paksa*

Kasaysayang Pampulitika sa /reece at 0ome

Pangkat ng mga merican )ndian
,ga Pulo sa Pacific
Kapapahan
*reece
ncient /reece
A1628 <C- 1;; <CB
ome
ncient 0ome and the
0ise of Christianity
A287 <C= C C= 46:B
Kasaysayang &ampulitika sa *reece at ome

/reece at 0ome
Kasaysayang &ampulitika sa *reece at ome
&angkat ng mga %merican #ndian

Civili#ation of the mericas

A1488 <C=- - 1268B
Civili#ations of ,iddle merica
"he Dorld of the )ncas
Peoples of ?orth merica
&angkat ng mga %merican #ndian

Civili#ation of the mericas

A1488 <C=- - 1268B
Civili#ations of ,iddle merica
"he Dorld of the )ncas
Peoples of ?orth merica
&angkat ng mga %merican #ndian

Elmecs 1488 <C=-288 <C= A,exicoB

,ayan Civili#ation ;88-788
#tec empire 1388-1231
)ncan empire 1488-12;2
!lmecs 1211 89E-611 89E (Me@ico)
"he Elmecs
establish the
first merican
Civili#ation.
0emains of
their culture
include giant
heads carved in
stone
M%$%N 9#D#"#E%A#!N (=11-311 9E)

"he ,aya civili#ation extended

throughout the present-day
southern ,exican states of
Chiapas, "abasco, and the (ucatFn
Peninsula states of Guintana 0oo,
Campeche and (ucatFn.
"he ,aya area also extended
throughout the northern Central
merican region, including the
present-day nations of /uatemala,
<eli#e, western Honduras and
extreme northern =l !alvador.
%<tec empire (1211-1621)
"he #tec people were
certain ethnic groups of
central ,exico,
particularly those groups
who spoke the ?ahuatl
language and who
dominated large parts of
,esoamerica from the
14th to 1:th centuries.
"eotihuacan
Hernan Cortes A1231B
#ncan empire (1211-16=6)
"he )nca =mpire or )nka =mpire was the
largest empire in pre-Columbian merica.
"he administrative, political and military
center of the empire was located in Cusco
in modern-day Peru. "he )nca civili#ation
arose from the highlands of Peru
sometime in the early 1;th century, and
the last )nca stronghold was conHuered by
the !panish in 1263.
,achu Picchu, Peru C 6,888 feet above sea
level. 0ediscovered in 1711
&rancisco Pi#arro A1233B
Mga &ulo sa &acific
,he "ustronesian language family has an
immense distribution around the world
from -adagascar on the west (.ust off the
east coast of "frica to (aster island on the
e/treme east (not too distant from the west
coast of 0outh "merica
-alayo12olynesia older name of this
language family
Mga &ulo sa &acific
3estern "ustronesia -adagascar, Indonesia, the
2hilippines, ,aiwan, 4uam (-alay
(astern "ustronesia -icronesia, -elanesia, 2olynesia,
and the islands contained within the triangle of 5ew
6ealand, the Hawaiian Islands and (aster Island
Peter <ellwoodIs Eut of "aiwan Hypothesis
"ustronesian concept is central

Auster (south wind)

Nesos (island)
8ell-ood?s model
ca! &7$$ )* 1 &$$$ )*8 0ettlement in ,aiwan of 2re1"ustronesian1speaking
peoples moving from mainland *hina as a result of population pressures
arising from developments in agriculture!
,his is evidenced by the similarities between the pottery assemblages of the local
,apenkeng culture (,29, characterised by cord1marked globular pots with
incised everted rims and occasional lug handles or perforated ringfeet, and
those from sites in :u.ian and 4uangdong, characterised by potsherds
decorated with incised lines, rows of impressed semicircles, and stamped
dentate patterns inside incisions!
,he period is also saw the local development of 2roto1"ustronesian as a language
8ell-ood?s model
ca! %7$$ )*8 ,he somewhat linear route of "ustronesian
movement bifurcated with one arm heading west towards
;ava, settling parts of -ainland 0outheast "sia (<ietnam
and the -alaysian 2eninsula by 7$$ )* and reaching as
far as -adagascar around the first millennium "+, and
the other eastwards into the 2acific, settling as far as
(aster Island by the mid1thirteenth century "+! ,he latter
is marked by the gradual disappearance of red1slipping in
the pottery assemblages, perhaps signalling development
into the =apita pottery comple/, as well as a shift from rice
cultivation in favour of fruits and tubers!
(olheim?s Nusantao
central to this hypothesis is the
concept of the 5usantao! ,he
term derives from the
"ustronesian root words nusa
for >south> and tau/tao for
>man> or >people>, thus giving
it the overall meaning >people
of the south islands>!
In essence, the 5usantao would
thus refer to groups of people in
0outheast "sia who have or at
least had a maritime1oriented
culture in their beginnings!
Nusantao
5usantao as natives of 0outheast "sia, and their descendants,
a maritime oriented culture from their beginnings, those
beginnings probably in southeastern Island 0outheast "sia
a bit before 7$$$ )!*! " ma.ority of the people with this
culture, at any one time, probably spoke a -alayo1
2olynesian language but there was no doubt a varying si?ed
minority of them, from time to time, who did not speak a
related language (0olheim %@'7a8%7A!
Kapapahan

Medie;al &eriod
!upremacy of the Church Age of &aithB

9hristianity spread in ome although it originated in

Ferusalem

9onstantine (241-==5 %') made it religion of the state

9hristianity pre;ailed e;en after the fall of the oman

Empire. influenced the *ermanic tribes

9harlemagne. a :rank. bannered 9hristianity in Europe.

cro-ned by &ope "eo ### in 411 %' as emperor of the
Holy oman Empire
Medie;al &eriod
Period when Christianity exerted its greatest inf luence in
politics, education, arts, literature and social life
>atter part saw decline of the Church

%buses crept in. churchmen held positions of

-ealth and po-er. scandals beset the
monasteries. friars had made money from sale of
indulgence
$
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$unit ###G &ag-#gting ng 0gnayang &andaigdig
at &agtatatag ng mga Nation states
Paksa*
Pagtatatag ng ?ational ,onarchy ng &rance at
=ngland
0epormasyong Protestante at Kontra 0epormasyon
0ebolusyong )ntelektwalAPangkaisipanB
0ebolusyong Pampulitika sa &rance at =ngland
A
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&agtatatag ng National Monarchy ng
:rance at England
(&%#N
.nion of &erdinand of ragon and )sabella of Castille in
14:7
%the Catholic kings'
!upported the )nHuisition on !pain and used harsh
methods against heretics and J ews
Daged war against the ,uslims and completed the
0econHuista in 1473 A&all of ,uslim /ranadaB
"he 0eign of Hapsburgs in !pain by Charles K
Everwhelming responsibility of Charles K
eventually gave up his throne in 122:
A!pain and its growing overseas empire5
ustrian territories, ?etherlandsB
0nder King &hilip ##
Philip )) A122:-127LB strengthens royal authority in !pain and )nHuisition continues
in !pain.
Christian forces war against the "urks near the seaport of >epanto, /reece.
Portugal is united with !pain under Philip )) in12L8.
-utch Protestants started a rebellion in 12:: headed by Dilliam the !ilent, Prince of
Erange.
=ventually the seven northern provinces which were Protestants and -utch-
speaking became the .nited Provinces of ?etherlands
Conflict of !pain and =ngland because of the war
in ?etherlands
(Catholicism vs. Protestantism)
-efeat of the !panish rmada, 12LL
-ecline of !panish power
Athe cost of war, the neglect of trade and industry,
changes in agriculture, the dependence on
temporary wealthB
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:%N9E
&rom 1:C the <ourbon family of kings strengthened
absolute monarchy in &rance.
0ival Protestant and Catholic nobles competed for
control in &rance but in 12:3 a full-scale civil war
erupted between Huguenots and Catholics.
1263 C !t. <artholomewIs -ay ,assacre A,assacre of
the HuguenotsB- Henry of ?avarreIs Dedding in
ParisB
:%N9E
12L7 C Henry of ?avarre A<ourbonB inherited the
&rench throne. Protestant converted to Catholicism
"o protect the Huguenots, Henry )K issued the =-)C"
E& ??"=! A127LB Cgranted the uguenots a large
measure of religious freedom, e!ual treatment under
the law, and e!ual opportunity to hold positions in
government.
:%N9E
Henry )K was murdered in 1:18 and the throne went to
his 7-year old son, >ouis M))).
Cardinal 0ichelieu strengthens royal authority and
assume authority as Chief ,inister A1:34-43B.
aB. strengthen absolute monarchy and bB. block
HapsburgIs expansion in =urope
Participated in the "hirty (earsI Dar
Ahirty $ears? Car (1>14-1>24)
&irst modern Dar
&ight for power in =urope
0eligious conflict of Catholics and
Protestants. !tarted with the imposition
of Catholicism in Protestant <ohemia
by &erdinand )).
Ahirty $ears? Car (1>14-1>24)
1:;8 C Protestant /ustavus dolphus A!wedenB entered
the war5 overrunning northern /ermany
1:;2 C &rance entered the war and sided with the
Protestant forces of !weden, the ?etherlands and the
/erman princes.
=nded in 1:4L with the Peace of Destphalia treaty
esults of the Ahirty $ears? Car (1>14-1>24)
Hapsburgs, as Holy 0oman =mperors lost their power
and failed in their attempts to impose Catholicism
throughout the empire and to unite the /erman
states.
&rance was the leading state in Destern =urope
!weden dominated the area around the <altic !ea
esults of the Ahirty $ears? Car (1>14-1>24)
!wit#erland became independent of the control
of the Holy 0oman =mpire
!pain recogni#ed the )ndependence of the
?etherlands
:rance
bsolute monarchy triumphs in &rance
fter the death of 0ichelieu, Cardinal ,a#arin
strengthens central authority
>ouis M)K claims the %divine right' of kings C
Kings %are born to possess all and command
all'
:rance
&rance advocated mercantilism by establishing &rench
colonies and trading companies to compete with the
-utch and =nglish5 improved taxation, supported
ship building and a new navy.
1:L2 C >ouis M)K repealed the =-)C" of ??"=!.
Huguenots fled to Protestant land
1612 C -eath of >ouis M)K
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>ouis M)K A2 !eptember
1:;LC 1 !eptember 1612B,
known as >ouis the /reat
A"ouis le #randB or the !un
King Ale $oi%&oleilB, was a
monarch of the House of
<ourbon who ruled as King
of &rance and ?avarre from
1:4; until his death. His
reign of 63 years and 118
days is the longest of
monarchs of maNor
countries in =uropean
history.
EN*"%N'
"udor -ynasty -14L2-1:83
Henry K))) C ct of !upremacy A12;4B
=li#abeth ) A122L-1:8;B C under her reign is
considered as one of =nglandIs greatest ages.
>ondon was center of commerce
EN*"%N'
J ames ) succeeded =li#abeth in 1:8;. =ngland and
!cotland under one monarch but remained separated
countries.
-uring the reign of Charles ) A1:32-1:47B, son of J ames
), tension between the Parliament and the monarchy
intensified. Conflict on issues on taxes and religion.
EN*"%N'
Charles ) signed the P=")")E? E& 0)/H" A1:3LB which
limited the power of the King
!pecific rights*
1B "he monarch could not collect taxes without
ParliamentIs consent.
3B Civilians should not be forced to provide food and
shelter for soldiers.
;B ,ilitary law could not be imposed in time of peace.
4B ?o person could be imprisoned except upon a
specific charge.
0eligious divisions bring unrest in =ngland and
!cotland
Puritans C purify Church of =ngland
J ames ) sponsored the translation of the <ible C King
J ames Kersion A1:11B
1:43 C Conflict between Charles ) and the Parliament
lead to the =nglish civil war
English 9ommon-ealth
0ise of Eliver Cromwell, a Puritan and the leader of
ParliamentIs forces in the =nglish Civil Dar
%>ord Protector' A1:2;-1:2LB, ruled =ngland, !cotland
and )reland until his death in 1:2L.
fter CromwellIs death, =ngland returned to monarchy,
1::8 C "he Parliament invited Charles )) to return to
the throne. His reign A1::8-1:L2B is called the
$estoration Period
Charles )) was succeeded by his brother J ames )), a
Catholic and a person unpopular to the Parliament.
)n 1:LL, the Parliament offered the crown
Nointly to ,ary and Dilliam of Erange
"he People acclaimed the change of monarch
and called it the /lorious 0evolution
1:L7 C =nglish <ill of 0ights
"he =nglish revolutions of the 16C had a great
impact on government in the Destern world.
Parliamentary government, rule of law, limited
monarchy, and the protection of the
individual liberties became firmly established
in <ritain.
&agtatatag ng National Monarchy ng :rance
at England
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0=?)!!?C= ?- 0=&E0,")E?
0enaissance C the period of Destern history, beginning
in the 1;88s when far reaching changes occurred in
the arts, intellectual, life, and ways of viewing the
world.
0eformation C in =urope in the 1288s, the movement
that rebelled against the authority of the 0oman
Catholic Church.
Counter-0eformation C the reform movement that
began within the 0oman Catholic Church in the 1288s
as a reaction to the 0eformation.
0=?)!!?C=
&rench term whose literal meaning is %rebirth'
)t was a cultural movement that profoundly affected
=uropean intellectual life in the early modern period.
<eginning in )taly, and spreading to the rest of =urope by the
1:C, its influence was felt in literature, philosophy, art,
politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual
inHuiry. 0enaissance scholars employed the humanist
method in study, and searched for realism and human
emotion in art
H.,?)!, -.0)?/
"H= 0=?)!!?C=
Humanism is the guiding principle of the period.
Humanities C >atin and /reek language, literature,
composition, rhetoric, history and philosophy. ,usic
and mathematics were sometimes studied also.
"hinkers study history critically believing that history,
like classical literature and philosophy, would help
them understand their own times.
0=?)!!?C= P=0!P=C")K=
"he 0enaissance emphasi#ed life on
earth. ,edieval thinkers had regarded
earthly existence as a preparation for
an afterlife5 the people of the
0enaissance emphasi#ed living life on
earth as fully as possible.
H.,?)!" !CHE>0!
?iccolo ,achiavelli A14:7-1236B
The Prince
A121; written5 12;3 publishedB
"he descriptions within The Prince
have the general theme of
accepting that the aims of princes,
such as glory, and indeed survival,
can Nustify the use of immoral
means to achieve those ends
H.,?)!" !CHE>0!
-esiderius =rasmusIs
Praise of 'olly A1287B
(n Praise of 'olly is considered
one of the most notable works
of the 0enaissance and one of
the catalysts of the Protestant
0eformation.
0=?)!!?C= 0"
0enaissance artists emphasi#ed the uniHueness of each
human face and figure. "hey tried to capture each
individualIs character and personality.
0enaissance architects admired /reek and 0oman
buildings and strove for the same kind of balance and
proportion.
Ene of the distinguishing features of 0enaissance art
was its development of highly realistic linear
perspective.
0=?)!!?C= 0")!"!
,ichaelangelo
A 1462 - 12:4B
0aphael !anti A14L;-
1238B
>eonardo da Kinci
A1423-1217B
0=?)!!?C= 0")!"!
Dilliam !hakespeare
A12:4-1:1:B
,iguel de Cervantes de
!aavedra
A1246-1:1:B
&rancois 0abeleis A1474-
122;B
(ir Fohn *ilbertHs
1423 paintingG The
Plays of William
Shakespeare
P0)?")?/ !P0=-!
0=?)!!?C= )-=!
)n 1428s, =uropeans first used movable metal
type to print a book.
/erman J ohann /utenberg is usually credited
with printing the first book, a copy of the
<ible.
Printing is more affordable than handwritten
ones.
.se of the vernacular in printing new books
CE?C>.!)E?
)n the 12th century, the 0enaissance spread with great
speed from its birthplace in &lorence, first to the rest
of )taly, and soon to the rest of =urope. "he invention
of the printing press allowed the rapid transmission
of these new ideas. s it spread, its ideas diversified
and changed, being adapted to local culture.
)n all, the 0enaissance could be viewed as an attempt by
intellectuals to study and improve the secular and
worldly, both through the revival of ideas from
antiHuity, and through novel approaches to thought.
0=&E0,")E?
movement that rebelled against the authority
of the 0oman Catholic Church in the 1288s in
=urope.
"he efforts of the self-described $reformers$
who obNected to Aread* $protested$B the
doctrines, rituals and ecclesiastical structure
of the 0oman Catholic Church, led to the
creation of new national Protestant churches.
P0=C.0!E0 "E 0=&E0,")E?
)n the late 1;88s J ohn Dycliffe AExford
.niversityB Huestioned that only through the
Church a person can gain salvation.
-enounced bishops and other clergy for
amassing wealth and neglecting religious
duties.
His followers, the Poor Preachers taught using
the language of the people rather than >atin.
P0=C.0!E0 "E 0=&E0,")E?
J ohn Huss A.niversity of PragueB challenged the
authority of the Pope and critici#ed the
ChurchIs wealth.
He was excommunicated in 1418, arrested,
found guilty of heresy, and burned at the
stake in 1412.
1438- Hussites began a rebellion against the
Church continued until peace was gained in
14;4.
0=&E0,")E?
,artin >uther A14L;-124:B, a /erman monk became the
leader of the protest against the Church.
=xcommunicated in 1231.
!alvation C through faith and the grace of /od. CritiHue
of %indulgences'
!E> !C0)P".0, !E> &)-=
0=&E0,")E?
"he reformation is not only an issue of &)"H but of
&)??C=!.
>uther was summoned by Charles K, the Holy 0oman
=mperor but he refused. He took refuge in the castle of
a /erman prince, &rederick of !axony.
>utherIs teachings were accepted by /erman princes. )t
was a way of demonstrating their independence from
the Holy 0oman =mpire.
0=&E0,")E?
,artin >uther and his 72 theses nailed in the door in Dittenberg
CE.?"=0-0=&E0,")E?
"he reform movement that began
within the 0oman Catholic Church
in the 1288s as a reaction to the
0eformation.
!ucceeding events will lead to a
revival and intensification of
Catholic faith and active
opposition to the Protestants.
"he 0eformation and Counter- 0eformation
1216 C >utherIs 72 "heses at Dittenberg
1233 C >utherIs bible is published in /erman
123; C .lrich OwigliIs program of reform established in
/eneva, !wit#erland. He was killed in a civil war. He
was followed by J ohn Calvin and turned /eneva as a
refuge for Protestants persecuted in other countries.
"he 0eformation and Counter- 0eformation
1237 - "he emperor tried to suppress the growing strength of
the >utheran movement. !everal >utheran princes met and
issued a formal protest against these efforts.
12;8s C /erman princes sign the ugsburg Confession, a
written statement of their beliefs. 0eligious wars break out.
12;4 C "he ct of !upremacy AHenry K)))B. =ngland separates
from the 0oman Church
"he 0eformation and Counter- 0eformation
1248s C Calvin establishes Protestant church in /eneva5
)gnatius of >oyola establishes the J esuit order
A1248B.
1242 C 12:; C "he Council of "rent reaffirms 0oman
Catholic doctrine
1222 C "he Peace of ugsburg ends religious wars in
/ermany. -ividing the land into Catholic A!outhB
and >utheran A?orthB
"he Council of "rent
A1242-12:;B
Pope Paul ))) gathered leading churchmen in northern
)taly to resolve the problem of 0eformation.
"he Church reaffirms its doctrine
1B. Enly the Church could explain the <ible
3B. <oth faith and good works were necessary for
salvation
;B.the Pope was the highest and final authority in the
Church.
"he 0eformation and Counter- 0eformation
12:3-7L C "he Huguenot Dars in &rance Aincludes "he
,assacre of !t. <artholomewIs -ayB
12:: C Calvinist church founded in the ?etherlands
12L8s C )ncrease of tension between =uropean rulers
1:1L C Eutbreak of "hirty (earIs Dar Auntil 1:4LB
Conclusion
"he 0eformation and Counter-0eformation
both encouraged the spread of education.
0eading became an important skill for men and
women AProtestant reformers insisted
individuals to read the <ibleB
"he Counter-0eformation, the J esuits played an
important role in education by establishing
Catholic schools and universities.
ebolusyong #ntelekt-al(&angkaisipan)
(cientific e;olution
Copernican Heliocentric "heory A142;B
/alileo invented the telescope5 supported the
Copernican "heory, book published in 1:;3 but
banned by the Church
Kepler and ?ewton on motion of obNects
Dilliam Harvey explained blood circulation
nton van >eeuwenhoek invented the microscope
>eeuwenhoek

in;ented the
microscope
/alileo
in;ented the
telescopeI
supported the
9opernican
Aheory. book
published in 1>=2
but banned by
the 9hurch
(cientific e;olution
Carolus >innaeus developed classification system
&rancis <acon encouraged careful observation in ?ovum
Erganum
0ene -escartes emphasi#ed importance of reasoning5
%Cogito ergo sum'
John >ocke %"wo "reatises of /overnment' A1:L7B,
&rancois ,arie rouet AKoltaireB Candide A1627B5
<aron de ,ontesHuie, "he !pirit of the >aws A164LB
(cientific e;olution
Joseph )) of ustria, &rederick )) of Prussia,
Catherine the /reat of 0ussia
(Enlightened 'espots)- #ntroduced
reforms
Classical composers

8ach. Haydn. Mo<art. 9hopin. Di;aldi.

(trauss. 8eetho;en. Mendelssohn.
(chubert. (chuman
8EEAH!DEN
1551-1425
M!E%A
156>-1531
CLASSCAL COM!OS"#S
&olitical e;olution
imed at changing government due to
liberal ideas spawned by the
intellectual revolution
&olitical e;olution
merican 0evolution A1662-16L;B
"hirteen colonies revolted
July 4, 166: -eclaration of )ndependence
Peace of Paris, 16L; the colonies were recogni#ed
0epublican government established with /eorge Dashington as President
dam !mith
A163;-1678B
)nHuiry to the ?ature
and Causes of the
Dealth of ?ations
>aying foundation of
science of political
economy and
exerting inf luence
throughout the world