UNIT - IV

DETAILED ANALYSIS AND TECHNIQUES

SITE SURVEYING AND
ANALYSIS
TOPICS
CONTEXT OF SITE
INTORDUCTION TO MASTER PLAN
DEVELOPMENTAL CONTROL RULES (DCR)
MAPS
STUDY OF CONTOURS
SLOPE ANALYSIS
GRADING
OTHERS

CONTEXT OF SITE
WHAT IS CONTEXT?
The circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, or idea, and in
terms of which it can be fully understood.
WHAT IS CONTEXT OF SITE?
Buildings exist in relationship to their street and immediate vicinity, site in
relationship to the surrounding area is the context of site.
With a good understanding of context, assists designers to create buildings
that complement the immediate vicinity and capitalise on a sites best assets
without impacting badly on the neighbours and street.
CONTEXT OF SITE
An context plan shows these key elements drawn together on a scaled plan. The
plan is essential to developing an appropriate design and built response because it
shows:
- Key urban elements of the existing and future proposed context
- The main opportunities and constraints affecting the site
- Important factors to be included in the design response that will support the
existing and future desired context.
Careful analysis of your sites context can give you a good idea of how the area
may change over time.
There are two scales of analysis: Context is a broad scale analysis and Site is a
localised analysis.

CONTEXT OF SITE
CONTEXT OF SITE
Context Analysis
A context analysis studies the wider area of a selected location. The analysis looks
for key components that may be important during the design process.
The analysis will also look at the relationships between the key criteria, your
context and the site.
Site and context analysis are used to estimate factors such as the impact your
development will have on the surrounding area.
Why do context analysis?

CONTEXT OF SITE
Site context provides an understanding of the site and its immediate surrounds.
A site context analysis can consist of several diagrams and should include:
Building Uses: The use of surrounding buildings in general terms, i.e. residential, retail,
commercial or industrial






Streetscape: Assessment of streetscape which analyses building form, scale and rhythm,
accompanied by elevation photos
Building Height: The location and height of
existing buildings on the site and surrounding
properties, and future approved development
heights if applicable
Street Setback and Street Wall: Identifying general
street setback and street wall/podium height
CONTEXT OF SITE
Landscape: Identifying mature trees and significant vegetation on and surrounding the
site.








Heritage buildings and heritage streetscapes
Solar access to the site and to surrounding properties
Movement and Accessibility through and around
the site:
Identification of through-site links, pedestrian
paths and formal bike routes
Identification of vehicular access and service
access if any
Identification of tram and bus stops for larger
sites, identification of street and laneway network.
CONTEXT OF SITE
Assessment of architectural
style, building details and
materials of surrounding areas
Any other notable feature or
characteristic of the site and
immediate surrounds.
Views to and from the site, accompanied by images
Assessment of Building Types in the area for a similar lot type
Assessment of existing subdivision pattern and development pattern

MASTER PLAN
The Chennai Metropolis
is expected to become
one of the Mega Cities in
the world with more than
10 million population, in
the next 10 years. The
Chennai City
Corporation with 176
sq.km. area will
accommodate about 59
lakh population while the
rest of the Metropolitan
Area with an extent of
1013 sq.km. will
accommodate about 66
lakh population by 2026.
MASTER PLAN
Master plans seek to lay out a physical pattern of land use and transportation routes for the
city or metropolitan area as a whole.
Thus master plans serve as a guide for public agencies to tailor their sectoral programming
to the plan while facilitating private investments in the same manner.
A Master Plan is the long term perspective plan for guiding
the sustainable planned development of the city.
This document lays down the planning guidelines,
policies, development code and space requirements for
various socio-economic activities supporting the city
population during the plan period.
It is also the basis for all infrastructure requirement.
MASTER PLAN
Land use involves the
management and modification of
natural environment or
wilderness into built
environment such as settlements
and semi-natural habitats such as
arable fields, pastures, and
managed woods.
Land use planning is to order and regulate land use in an efficient and ethical way, thus
preventing land-use conflicts.
Land use is the human use of land.
MASTER PLAN
Governments use land-use planning to manage the
development of land within their jurisdictions. In
doing so, the governmental unit can plan for the needs
of the community while safeguarding natural
resources.
It is the systematic assessment of land and water
potential, alternatives for land use, and economic and
social conditions in order to select and adopt the best
land-use options.

Often one element of a comprehensive plan, a land-use
plan provides a vision for the future possibilities of
development in neighborhoods, districts, cities, or any
defined planning area.
DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES
Land-use planning often leads to land-use regulations, also known as zoning, but they are
not one and the same.
As a tool for implementing land-use plans, zoning regulates the types of activities that can
be accommodated on a given piece of land, the amount of space devoted to those activities
and the ways that buildings may be placed and shaped.
The Master Plan lays down policies and programs for the overall development of Chennai
Metropolitan Areas taking long term view requirements.
The emphasis of the plan is on the regulation of land and building use.
The plan has allocated land for uses such as industries, Commerce, housing, play fields and
other types of major urban land uses in appropriate locations and in a manner interrelated
to each other so as to promote orderliness and smooth functioning.


DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES
For this purpose all lands in the Metropolitan area have been categorized under the
following use zone.
01. Primary residential use zone
02. Mixed residential use zone
03. Commercial use zone
04. Light industrial use zone
05. General industrial use zone
06. Special and hazardous industrial use zone.
07. Institutional use zone
08. Open space and recreational use zone
09. Agricultural use zone
10. Non-urban use zone
DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES
DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES
DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES
DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES
DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES
DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES
Need for Development control rules it is the requirement for proper planning and
design at the layout and building level to ensure health safety, public safety and desired
quality of life.
MAPS
A map is a visual representation of an area symbolic depiction highlighting relationships
between elements of that space such as objects, regions, and themes.
In addition to location information maps may also be used to portray contour
lines indicating constant values of elevation, temperature, rainfall, etc.
Cartography is the study and
practice of making maps.
MAPS
Characteristics of maps:
Maps are often stylized, generalised or abstracted, requiring careful interpretation
Usually out of date
Shows only a static situation one slice at atime
Often highly elegant / artistic
Preparation of maps require:
Selection of the few features in the real world to include
Classification of selected features into groups (i.e. bridges, churches, railways)
Simplification of jagged lines like coastlines
Exaggeration of features to be included that are too small to show at the scale of the map
Symbolization to represent the different classes of features chosen


MAPS
MAPS
Preparation of maps
Land-use planning is critically concerned with what should be done, where.
The planning procedure so far has been based on the fact that land conditions are highly
variable and so land-use types that will be sustainable and economically viable on one land
unit will fail, in either or both of these respects, on other kinds of land.
Hence, maps form a key element in the presentation of results.
Several sets of maps have been prepared as part of the planning procedure: base maps,
summaries of available data and possibly maps based on original surveys, land suitability
maps and allocations or recommendations of land use to areas of land.
These are now drawn up and printed so that they can be used as a basis for implementation
and revision.
MAPS
Preparation of maps
These maps will be used in the field and in the office by a variety of people - executive,
technical and administrative. For the maps to be useful, the following points should be
observed:
The base-map detail (roads, tracks, settlements, administrative boundaries) should be
clear; users will constantly need to find where they are and what should be done, where.
At the same time, the features shown in the maps (e.g. land-use types, soils, water
resources) should be easy to see; a good quality of cartography, normally using colour, is
essential.
The legend (key) must be an integral part of the maps.
The maps should be printed in sufficient quantities to supply all implementing agencies
with copies for several years.
MAPS
Maps are in no way a supplementary part of the report. On the contrary, it may be nearer the
truth to say that the text supplements the maps, although they in fact complement each
other. The map showing land-use allocations and recommendations is the focal point of the
land-use plan.

STUDY OF CONTOURS
A topographic map is primarily
concerned with
the topographic description of a
place, including (especially in
the 20th and 21st centuries) the
use of contour lines showing
elevation.
Terrain or relief can be shown
in a variety of ways.
STUDY OF CONTOURS
What is Contour ?
Contour is line drawn on a map connecting points of equal height.
Contour lines connect a series of points of equal elevation and are used to illustrate
topography, or relief, on a map.
They show the height of ground above
Mean Sea Level (M.S.L.) in either feet
or metres and can be drawn at any
desired interval.
For example, numerous contour lines
that are close together indicate hilly or
mountainous terrain; when far apart,
they represent a gentler slope.
STUDY OF CONTOURS
Contour interval:
The vertical distance between any two successive contours on a given map is called the
contour interval. Contour intervals usually vary from 25 to 250 cm in engineering work. In
rough country, the vertical distance between contours is kept greater while in flat areas 25 to
50 cm contour intervals are used.
To make the contours easier to read, every fifth
one is printed darker and has the elevation
marked every so often in the line (every fifth
contour on 40' interval maps). This is called the
index contour. The thinner or lighter colored
contour lines are called intermediate contours.
STUDY OF CONTOURS
To find the contour interval on a map, check the legend or find two index contours adjacent
to each other. Read their elevations and find the difference. If the number of spaces between
them is 5, divide the difference by 5 to find the contour interval. If the number of spaces
between them is 4, divide the difference by 4 to find the contour interval.
For example:
Two adjacent index contour lines indicate 250 feet and 300 feet.
Find the difference by subtracting 250 feet from 300 feet = 50 feet.
Count the spaces between the dark index contour lines; there are 5.
Divide 50 feet by 5.
50 divided by 5 = 10 foot contour interval.

STUDY OF CONTOURS
Characteristic of Contour Lines:
1] All points on a contour line have same elevation
2] Contour line close to each other on s plan view; represent very steep ground. Contour
lines for apart indicate relatively flat land
3] On uniform slopes the contour lines are spaced uniformly along plane surfaces these
lines are straight and parallel to one another.
4] Contour lines can not and anywhere, but close on themselves. Either within or
outside the limits of map they can not merge or cross one another.
5] A series of closed contour on the map indicate a depression or a summit, depending
whether the successes contour have lower or higher values inside.
STUDY OF CONTOURS
Characteristic of Contour Lines:
6] Contour lines Crosse ridge lines or valley lines at
right angles valley contour are convex towards the
stream.
Are "V" shaped in stream beds and
narrow valleys. The point of the "V"
always points uphill or upstream.
Are usually "U" shaped on ridges with
the "U" bottom pointing down the
ridge.
Are usually "M" or "W" shaped just
upstream from stream junctions.
STUDY OF CONTOURS
USES OF CONTOUR:
1. Information regarding character of a tract of a country (such as flat undulating,
Mountainous, etc) is abstained.
2. In agricultural work, contours maps are useful as guide lines in planning land
improvement project .the tile drainage system can be conveniently planned whit contour
maps
3. Cost estimates can be made with the help of the contour maps.
4. Maps which show both topography and land use capability classification are important in
conversation of farm land.
5. The most economical and suitable site for engineering works such as reservoir, canal, road,
waterways, .etc. can be selected.
6. Quantities of earthwork and runoff from watershed can be computed.
7. Contours may be used to determine area of the catchments and the capacity of the
reservoir.
8. A suitable route of a given gradient can be marked on the map.
9. The possible route of communication between different places can be determined from
contour map.
SLOPE ANALYSIS
The spacing and shape of contours provides detailed
information about the land surface.
Other information can also be derived from contour
separation. If the spacing of a series of contours changes, this
indicates that the slope of the land changes. The diagram
shows how changes in slope are shown by changes in the
contour spacing.
When reading contours:
if the spacing decreases when going from high to low, the
slope is convex.
if the spacing increases when going from high to low, the
slope is concave.

SLOPE ANALYSIS
Slope can be expressed in 3 ways:
as an angle, eg. 10, which is measured as the angle the ground makes with the
horizontal;
as a gradient, eg 1 in 10 or 1:10 or 1/10 or 0.10, which means that for every 10 units
travelled horizontally, the ground rises (or falls) one unit vertically; and
as a percentage, eg 10%,
which is merely the gradient
expressed as a fraction, and
then converted to a
percentage by multiplying
by 100.
SLOPE ANALYSIS
A little slope is nice for aesthetics and site drainage (drains around a full foundation can drain
to daylight), but a steeply sloped site can substantially raise site development costs a lot.
Moderate slopes. Between 10% and 20%, you will probably need to do more earth
moving and grading, and should plan to spend more on grading and the foundation, which
will need to be higher or step down on the low side.
SLOPE ANALYSIS
Flat sites. Flat sites or gentle grades of less than about 10% (a one foot rise over 10 feet)
are the easiest to build on.
SLOPE ANALYSIS
Steep slopes. Above about 20%, you may have to do extensive earth moving and soil
stabilization create workable grades and prevent erosion. Cut and fill operations can get
very costly, especially if you have to truck in additional fill.
SLOPE ANALYSIS
A moderately sloped site allows for a walk-out basement and can be regraded to a
terraced yard.
A rock outcropping can become a focal point in landscaping.
A low, wet spot may have potential as a year-round pond.
When you are evaluating a building site, think ahead to how the land will work with
your general house design.
Where would you like to site the house?
What areas should be cleared and what left natural?
On a sloped site will you build a walk-out, step the building down the slope, or move
a lot a earth around to create a level yard with a terraced slope or retaining wall?
SLOPE ANALYSIS
The slope analysis is usually a graphic representation of slope shown in classes or ranges.
The ranges are sometimes established by local ordinances that describe the parameters to be
observed when conducting a slope analysis and steep slope development restrictions.
The slope analysis may identify possible routes for on-site traffic circulation as well
as drainage patterns.
By viewing the finished drawing, the restrictions imposed by slopes and the development
patterns that are in tune with the site generally become more apparent.
From a hillside the long views are generally considered the most valuable. A site analysis
should include the identification of the long views and any obstructions or limitations to
them. The development of the site should proceed with the maintenance and optimization of
the long views.
Undesirable views should also be identified and addressed in the analysis.
GRADING
Site grading is the process of adjusting the slope and elevation of the soil around a home or
building.
Prior to construction or renovation, site grading may be performed to even out the surface
and provide a solid foundation.
For existing buildings, grading may be required to improve drainage and create the desired
appearance for landscaping features.
One of the primary concerns of site grading is to control the flow of storm water.
Left uncontrolled, storm water may collect around the foundations of a building, leading to
rot or safety issues.
Excess moisture within the soil can also impact the ability of plants to grow, and can lead to
a spongy or marshy soil texture.
Site grading may also include adding channels, ditches or vegetated swales to capture or
filter storm water and keep it away from the home.
GRADING
Excavators and bulldozers are used to remove or redistribute dirt, or to fill low spots within
the sites.
Dirt may also be loaded into a dump truck for removal from the site.
Grading machines can also be used to level and tamp the earth to create a smooth, even
surface, or to cover drainage systems.
In some applications, cranes and other large equipment may be required to move heavy
boulders during a site grading project.
Depending on the quality of the soil within a site, it may be necessary to remove existing soil
and bring in a new layer of topsoil.
If the soil is too thick to permit adequate moisture absorption, a layer of gravel or fine
topsoil can add absorption and minimize moisture problems.
Additional vegetation and changes in slope can also help to remedy these types of issues.
GRADING
Gradient is usually the most important aspect of a slope, but in some cases, the aspect of a
slope, that is whether it faces north, south, east or west, is also important.
For example in vegetation studies, the aspect of the slope, will affect the amount of sunlight
it receives, and therefore the nature of the vegetation.
With experience the aspect of any slope can be quickly recognised from the arrangement of
the contours.
It can also be found by drawing a line in a downhill direction, that intersects the contour
lines at right angles.
The direction that the line is drawn is the aspect of the slope.
Grading is broken down into two types: 1) CUT - soil materials that are removed from an
area of land, such as an excavation and 2) FILL - soil materials that are added to an area of
land, such as the placement of soil for an embankment or fill slope.
GRADING CRITERIA
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